芳香环并咪唑环类凋亡抑制蛋白抑制剂的设计、合成与抗肿瘤活性评价

目的设计并合成新的小分子凋亡抑制蛋白抑制剂。方法运用计算机辅助药物设计模拟靶蛋白与目标分子的结合作用,设计并合成新结构的化合物,以紫杉醇作为阳性对照,进行与多个凋亡抑制蛋白的结合实验和多个细胞系的抗肿瘤细胞增殖抑制活性评价,并比较目标物对癌细胞的抑制率。结果合成两个系列共21个目标化合物,部分化合物表现出对多个凋亡抑制蛋白有强烈的抑制活性(纳摩尔级)和对多种肿瘤细胞的抑制能力,其中,ⅡA-1活性最为突出,对XIAP L-BIR2-BIR3抑制作用的IC50值为77.2 nmol·L-1;对乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231的抑制率为70.9%,相同条件下紫杉醇的抑制率仅为38.5%。结论合成的部分化合物有较好的活性,将为今后此类凋亡抑制蛋白抑制剂的研究奠定基础。     

凋亡抑制蛋白抑制剂的设计、合成及体外活性初步评价

目的 设计并合成凋亡抑制蛋白（IAPs）小分子抑制剂。方法 基于对Smac和Caspase-9分别与XIAP-BIR3结合位点的分析,辅以分子对接实验,设计并合成两类结构的化合物;采用荧光极化各向异性（FPA）竞争试验法测定合成的目标化合物对XIAP和cIAP1的抑制活性。结果 合成两类结构共16个新肽类化合物,其结构经MS和¹H-NMR谱确证;荧光极化各向异性（FPA）竞争试验结果显示,噻唑烷环衍生物Ⅱ对XIAP-BIR3和cIAP1-BIR3具有显著的抑制活性,其中,化合物Ⅱf抑制XIAP-BIR3和cIAP-BIR3的IC₅₀值分别为0.29、0.055 μmol·L^-1。结论 发现了新的IAPs抑制剂,并得出初步构效关系,为进一步的结构优化奠定了基础。     

以IAPs为靶点的抗肿瘤研究进展

凋亡抑制因子(inhibitor of apoptosis proteins,IAPs)是一类高度保守的内源性抗细胞凋亡因子家族,主要通过抑制caspase活性和参与调节核因子NF-κB的作用抑制细胞凋亡。caspases蛋白酶的级联激活是凋亡过程的中心环节,Bcl-2家族蛋白和IAPs家族蛋白是主要控制因素。近年来发现,某些IAPs成员异常表达与肿瘤密切相关,成为肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点。因此,该文主要综述了与IAPs家族相关的蛋白以及以IAPs为靶点的抗肿瘤研究。     

17-肟基雄甾烷类化合物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成一系列17-肟基雄甾烷类化合物,并进行体外抗肿瘤活性测试。方法以去氢表雄酮为起始原料,通过PCC氧化、选择性还原以及选择性肟化,合成一系列17-肟基雄甾烷类化合物;采用MTT法对合成的化合物进行体外抑制肿瘤细胞增殖活性测试。结果与结论设计合成了5个17-肟基取代雄甾烷类化合物,活性研究表明,这5个化合物对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞株和人胃癌SGC-7901细胞株表现出弱的抑制活性。     

基于VEGF靶点的积雪草酸A环衍生物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成两类共10个基于VEGF靶点的积雪草酸衍生物,并进行抗肿瘤活性筛选。方法利用计算机辅助药物设计的方法对积雪草酸进行结构优化,以VEGF为靶点,筛选出与靶点结合能力较强的化合物。以积雪草酸为原料,在C-2位引入乙酰氧亚氨基,并将C-28位羧基烷基化或酰胺化形成衍生物。基于MTT法,选用人胃癌细胞(SGC7901)和人肺癌细胞(A549)进行体外抗肿瘤活性测试。结果与结论合成的10个目标化合物对SGC7901和A549细胞增殖均表现出较强的抑制作用,且优于积雪草酸,其中化合物6d、6e、8c、8d、8e抑制活性显著高于阳性对照吉非替尼,且分子对接表明,6e和8c与VEGF有较强的亲和力。     

凋亡抑制蛋白的研究进展

凋亡抑制蛋白（inhibitor of apoptosis proteins．IAPs），是一类高度保守的内源性抗凋亡基因家族表达产物．广泛存在于许多物种如病毒、真核生物、哺乳动物中，起着抑制细胞凋亡的作用。目前已报道该家族成员有十多种，如NAIP、XIAP、Survivin、BRUCE和Livin等。IAPs主要有三个结构域（BIR、RING与CARD结构域），共有单位BIR域能与其它基序连接，非BIR区能使IAPs的功能多样化或调节IAP家族蛋白的表达。IAPs主要通过caspase蛋白酶激活级联反应途径及肿瘤坏死因子受体（TNFR）介导的信号转导途径抑制细胞凋亡，     

吲哚脲类化合物的设计合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的以索拉非尼为先导物,设计并合成一系列吲哚脲类化合物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。方法以5-硝基吲哚-2-甲酸为起始原料,采用BOP法合成酰胺,再将硝基还原成胺基,最后与异氰酸酯缩合,共3步反应制备目标化合物;采用MTT法评价目标化合物对4种肿瘤细胞株(MX-1、A375、HepG2、Ketr3)的生长抑制作用。结果与结论合成了28个吲哚脲类新化合物,其结构经1H-NMR和HR-MS确证。体外活性结果表明,与索拉非尼相比多数化合物选择性地作用于MX-1细胞株,显示出较强的抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的活性。其中含甲基哌啶的化合物26、30和31抑制MX-1和A375细胞生长的作用显著强于索拉非尼。尤其是化合物31抑制A375细胞增殖的作用是索拉非尼的10倍,对HepG2的抑制活性与索拉非尼相当,IC50值均达到微摩尔级水平,值得进一步研究。     

NO供体型法尼基硫代水杨酸衍生物的合成及其 抗肺癌活性

目的 设计并合成 NO 供体型法尼基硫代水杨酸（FTA）衍生物,以期获得抗肺癌活性比 FTA 更强的化合物。方法 将 NO 供体呋咱氮氧化物通过连接基团与 FTA 的羧基连接制得 NO 供体型 FTA 衍生物。测试目标物体外对肺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用和 NO 的释放情况,同时测定活性化合物对 Ras 蛋白的抑制活性。结果 合成了 8个结构新颖的 NO 供体型 FTA 衍生物,其结构经 IR、MS 和 ¹H-NMR 谱确证。大部分目标物对肺癌细胞增殖的抑制活性明显高于 FTA, 其中,化合物 10b、10d 和 10e 比阳性对照药索拉菲尼（sorafenib）稍强或者与其相当。NO 释放研究表明,细胞毒性较强的化合物释放 NO 的量相对较多,而活性较弱的化合物释放量较少。化合物 10b 对Ras下游信号通路 phosphor-Akt、phosphor -ERK 和 phosphor -Raf 抗体的表达有很好的抑制作用。结论 法尼基硫代水杨酸与呋咱氮氧化物的杂合物具有较强的抗肺癌活性,值得深入研究。     

X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白与肿瘤关系的研究进展

XIAP(连锁凋亡抑制蛋白)是凋亡抑制蛋白家族中最强的内源性的抑制因子,其可以通过不同的信号转导通路及调控相关凋亡蛋白酶的表达产生抗凋亡作用。研究发现其与肿瘤的发生、发展有着密切的关系,已经成为许多肿瘤的治疗靶点。凋亡抑制蛋白家族的组成成分是细胞内源性的凋亡抑制蛋白,目前,共发现有16种此类蛋白,其中的8个是人类的IAPs家族成员:它们是XIAP、c-IAP1、c-IAP2、神经凋亡抑制蛋白、存活素、BRUCE、ML-IAP、ILP-2等。XIAP是IAPs家族中最具有效力的半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶的抑制物,具有极强的抗凋亡作用。     

吡咯烷类明胶酶抑制剂的合成及初步活性

目的设计合成一系列新型吡咯烷衍生物并测定其抑制明胶酶（MMP-2，MMP-9）的活性，研究其构效关系。方法以L-羟脯氨酸为原料。经多步反应合成吡咯烷类衍生物，采用体外抑酶试验测定化合物抑制明胶酶（MMP-2，MMP-9）的活性。结果合成了33个未见文献报道的吡咯烷衍生物，其结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及质谱确定。其中化合物A0、A8、A9、A10、B9、C10抑制明胶酶的活性较强。结论吡咯烷类衍生物对明胶酶有较强的抑制活性。有可能抑制肿瘤的发生、发展和转移，值得进一步研究。     

A potent and orally active antagonist (SM-406/AT-406) of multiple inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in clinical development for cancer treatment

We report the discovery and characterization of SM-406 (compound 2), a potent and orally bioavailable Smac mimetic and an antagonist of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). This compound binds to XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 proteins with K(i) of 66.4, 1.9, and 5.1 nM, respectively. Compound 2 effectively antagonizes XIAP BIR3 protein in a cell-free functional assay, induces rapid degradation of cellular cIAP1 protein, and inhibits cancer cell growth in various human cancer cell lines. It has good oral bioavailability in mice, rats, non-human primates, and dogs, is highly effective in induction of apoptosis in xenograft tumors, and is capable of complete inhibition of tumor growth. Compound 2 is currently in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of human cancer.     

Bivalent Smac mimetics with a diazabicyclic core as highly potent antagonists of XIAP and cIAP1/2 and novel anticancer agents

Nonpeptidic, bivalent Smac mimetics designed based upon monovalent Smac mimetics with a diazabicyclic core structure bind to XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 with low to subnanomolar affinities and are highly effective in antagonizing XIAP in cell-free functional assays. They efficiently induce the degradation of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in cancer cells at concentrations as low as 1 nM, activate caspase-3 and -8, and cleave PARP at 3-10 nM. The most potent compounds in the series have IC(50) of 3-5 nM in inhibition of cell growth in both MDA-MB-231 and SK-OV-3 cell lines and are promising lead compounds for the development of a new class of cancer therapy.     

Potent bivalent Smac mimetics: effect of the linker on binding to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and anticancer activity

We have synthesized and evaluated a series of nonpeptidic, bivalent Smac mimetics as antagonists of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and new anticancer agents. All these bivalent Smac mimetics bind to full-length XIAP with low nanomolar affinities and function as ultrapotent antagonists of XIAP. While these Smac mimetics bind to cIAP1/2 with similar low nanomolar affinities, their potencies to induce degradation of cIAP1/2 proteins in cells differ by more than 100-fold. The most potent bivalent Smac mimetics inhibit cell growth with IC(50) from 1 to 3 nM in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and are 100 times more potent than the least potent compounds. Determination of intracellular concentrations for several representative compounds showed that the linkers in these bivalent Smac mimetics significantly affect their intracellular concentrations and hence the overall cellular activity. Compound 27 completely inhibits tumor growth in the MDA-MB-231 xenografts while causing no signs of toxicity in the animals.     

Synthesis and anticancer activity study of curcumin-related compounds containing benzyl piperidone

Sixteen curcumin-related compounds containing benzyl piperidonewere synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity by the MTT assay towards cultured prostate cancer (PC-3), pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3), colon cancer (HT-29), and lung cancer (H1299) cells. Compounds A1 and B3 exhibited potent growth inhibitory effects againstthese cells in culture. The IC₅₀ values of these compounds were lower than 1 µM in all four cell lines.     

Synthesis and in vitro-anticancer and antimicrobial evaluation of some novel quinoxalines derived from 3-phenylquinoxaline-2(1H)-thione

Two novel series derived from 3-phenylquinoxaline-2(1H)-thione 2 and 2-(hydrazinocarbonylmethylthio)-3-phenylquinoxaline 6 have been synthesized. Eight out of twenty six new compounds were selected at the National Cancer Institute for evaluation of their in vitro-anticancer activity. Among them, compounds 3b, 3c, 4b, and 4c displayed moderate to strong growth inhibition activity against most of the tested sub-panel tumor cell lines with GI(50) 10(-5) to 10(-6 )molar concentrations. Compound 4b exhibited a significant value of percent tumor growth inhibition against breast cancer at concentration < 10(-8) M. Compound 4c showed moderate selectivity towards leukemia cell lines with GI(50) of 1.8 to 3.8 microM (selectivity ratio = 5.7). Preliminary antimicrobial testing revealed that compounds 7a, 7b, 8a, 11a, and 11b were as active as ampicillin against B. subtilis (MIC = 12.5 microg/mL). Compounds 7b and 8a were also nearly as active as ampicillin against E. coli (MIC = 12.5 microg/mL). In addition, compounds 4a, 7b, 10b, and 11a were as active as ampicillin against P. aerugenosa (MIC = 50 microg/mL). However, compounds 7b, 8a, and 10b showed mild activity against C. albicans (MIC = 50 microg/mL). The values of minimum bactericidal concentrations indicated that compounds 4a and 7b were bactericidal against B. subtilis and P. aerugenosa, respectively, while compound 10b was bactericidal against both organisms. However, compound 11a was bactericidal against E. coli, P. aerugenosa, and S. aureus.     

N‐substituted Piperazinopyridylsteroid Derivatives as Abiraterone Analogues Inhibit Growth and Induce Pro‐apoptosis in Human Hormone‐independent Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

Nine new 17‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)pyridin‐5‐yl)steroids as abiraterone analogues were synthesized. Compounds 5d and 5g showed selective activities against 17α‐hydroxylase/C17,20‐lyase (CYP17A1) and aromatase (CYP19), respectively. IC₅₀ values of 5d were 5.09 and >50? μm , whereas these values for 5g were >50 ?μm and 7.40 μm , respectively, for CYP17A1 and CYP19. Molecular modelling highlighted that the inhibitor designed to bind cytochrome P450 haem iron is a necessary condition but not the only rationale to explain inhibitory activity. These abiraterone analogues were then evaluated on hormone‐independent prostate cancer cell lines DU‐145 and PC‐3 and on hormone‐dependent breast and prostate cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and LNCaP, respectively. Compounds 5e , 5g and 5i have showed potent activities only on hormone‐independent prostate cancer cell lines DU‐145 and PC‐3 with 60–85% inhibition of both cell viability and growth at 10 nm with pro‐apoptotic mechanism as illustrated in PC‐3 cells by DNA ladder assay and Western blotting of Bax, Casp‐3 and its substrate, the poly (ADP–ribose) polymerase. We conclude that hybrid heterocycle steroids could be good lead compounds in the drug design especially against hormone‐independent prostate cancer.     

Design, synthesis, antitumor evaluations and molecular modeling studies of novel 3,5-substituted indolin-2-one derivatives

AIM: To design and synthesize a novel class of antitumor agents, featuring the 3, 5-substituted indolin-2-one framework. METHODS: Based on enzyme binding features of (Z)-SU5402, introducing a beta-pyrrole group at the 3-position of the indolin- 2-one core, a series of novel 3,5-substituted indolin-2-ones were designed and synthesized. Four human carcinoma cell lines of A-431, A-549, MDA-MB-468, and Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney disease were chosen for the cell proliferation assay. RESULTS: Twenty new compounds (1a-t) with E configuration have been designed, synthesized and bioassayed. Their structural features were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, low- and high-resolution mass spectra, and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Although the enzyme assay showed a weak inhibition effect against the epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, the cell-based antitumor activity was promising. Compounds 1 g and 1 h showed higher inhibitory activity toward the A-549 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines with IC(50 ) of 0.065-9.4 micromol/L. CONCLUSION: This study provides a new template for further development of potent antitumor drugs.     

Design and synthesis of pyrazole–pyrazoline hybrids as cancer‐associated selective COX‐2 inhibitors

In continuation of our previous work on cancer and inflammation, 15 novel pyrazole–pyrazoline hybrids ( WSPP1 – 15 ) were synthesized and fully characterized. The formation of the pyrazoline ring was confirmed by the appearance of three doublets of doublets in ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra exhibiting an AMX pattern for three protons (H_A, H_M, and H_X) of the pyrazoline ring. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anticancer activity against five cell lines, that is, MCF‐7, A549, SiHa, COLO205, and HepG2 cells, using the MTT growth inhibition assay. 5‐Fluorouracil was taken as the positive control in the study. It was observed that, among them, WSPP11 was found to be active against A549, SiHa, COLO205, and HepG2 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 4.94, 4.54, 4.86, and 2.09 µM. All the derivatives were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells. WSPP11 was also found to be nontoxic against normal cells (cell line HaCaT), with an IC₅₀ value of more than 50 µM. The derivatives were also evaluated for their in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity by the protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay and the red blood cell membrane stabilizing assay, using diclofenac sodium and celecoxib as standard. Compounds that showed significant anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activities were further studied for COX‐2 inhibition. The manifestation of a higher COX‐2 selectivity index of WSPP11 as compared with other derivatives and an in vitro anticancer activity against four cell lines further established that compounds that were more selective toward COX‐2 also exhibited a better spectrum of activity against various cancer cell lines.     

3‐Aminomethyl pyridine chalcone derivatives: Design,synthesis, DNA binding and cytotoxic studies

Herein we report design, synthesis, and anticancer activity of compounds 6a–h and 11a–j . Compounds 6a–f were designed based on 3‐aminomethyl pyridine attached to different acetamide derivatives and in compounds 6g–h it was attached to coumarin moiety. Coumarin containing compounds 6g–h showed very poor anticancer activity against both A549 (Lungs cancer cell line), and MCF‐7 (Breast cancer cell line) cell lines in MTT assay. Compounds 11a–j were designed as derivatives of 3‐aminomethyl pyridine and 4‐amino chalcones. A series of chalcone derivatives of 3‐aminomethyl pyridine 11a–j have been synthesized and screened for their in vitro anticancer activity and DNA binding affinity. Most of the compounds showed very good antimitotic activity against A549 cell line as compared to fluorouracil. Compounds 11g and 11i were selected for DNA‐binding studies as they showed excellent activity against cancer cell lines in MTT assay. CT‐DNA binding affinity of compounds 11g and 11i have been investigated by UV based DNA titration and fluorescence emission study against DNA‐EtBr complex. Interestingly, compound 11i has displayed excellent antiproliferative activity, with IC₅₀ 0.0067 ± 0.0002 μm , against MCF‐7 cell line. Compound 11i has been studied for its cytotoxicity using MTT, LDH, as well as EtBr/AO assay and was found to induce apoptosis in the cancerous cell line.