鼻咽癌放疗原发肿瘤体积变化相关因素分析

[目的]通过分析放射治疗鼻咽癌原发肿瘤体积的变化，寻找影响肿瘤体积变化的相关因素。[方法]分析76例经病理证实的接受根治性放疗的鼻咽癌初治患者年龄、性别、原发肿瘤体积、放疔结束时残留肿瘤体积、放疗6个月后肿瘤体积、原发肿瘤最大截面积、T分期、N分期、病理类型等因素与放疗50Gy时肿瘤退缩率的关系。[结果]多因素相关分析显示随T分期渐晚，肿瘤原发体积增大。肿瘤病理类型中未分化癌原发肿瘤体积最大。腺样囊性癌体积最小，但肿瘤体积退缩率（V50／V0）中高分化鳞癌、腺样囊性癌大，分别为0．68、0．55．显示肿瘤病理类型与近期疗效密切相关（P值为0．000）。体积退缩率与最大截面积退缩率在反应肿瘤近期疗效时密切相关，有很好的一致性。[结论]50Gy时肿瘤退缩率是评价近期疗效的较可靠指标．可部分反映肿瘤放射敏感性。     

原发性肝癌三维适形放射治疗疗效观察

目的 探讨三维适形放疗原发性肝癌疗效。方法 采用8MV X线直线加速器对117例中晚期肝癌进行三维适形放疗。肿瘤靶体积为30～2015cm^3(平均478．5cm^3)。单次剂量4～8Gy，隔日1次，总照射剂量40．0～57．6Gy(平均50．8Gy)。结果 完全缓解(CR)率为11．9％，部分缓解(PR)率为64．2％，无变化(NC)率为18．3％，进展(PD)率为5．5％，总有效(CR PR)率为76．1％。1、2、3年生存率分别为68．6％、42．0％、28．8％。门脉癌栓CR率为82．5％，PR率为10．0％，NC率为7．5％，CR PR率为92．5％。合并门脉癌栓的中晚期肝癌1、2年生存率分别为52．1％、19．7％。放射性肝炎发生率为7．3％。Cox回归分析提示Child-pugh肝功能分级及大体肿瘤体积与预后密切相关。结论 三维适形放疗不能手术的中晚期肝癌疗效较好，是治疗门脉癌栓的一种有效方法。     

鼻咽癌放疗近期疗效的多因素分析

目的:分析鼻咽癌放疗近期疗效的相关因素。方法:分析76例经病理证实的接受根治性放疗的鼻咽癌初治患者资料,分析其年龄、性别、原发肿瘤体积、放疗结束时残留肿瘤体积、原发肿瘤最大截面积、T分期、N分期、病理类型等因素与放疗50Gy时肿瘤退缩率(V50/V0、S50/S0)的关系。通过对原发肿瘤体积(V0)、50Gy肿瘤退缩率(V50/V0)、放疗结束时残留肿瘤体积(V70)进行均数统计分析,并对以上因素和放疗50Gy残留肿瘤体积(V50)进行多因素相关分析。结果:随T分期渐晚,肿瘤原发体积增大,T4期肿瘤退缩未达PR。肿瘤病理类型中未分化癌原发肿瘤体积最大,腺样囊性癌体积最小,但V50/V0中高分化鳞癌、腺样囊性癌未达PR,分别为(0.68、0.55),显示肿瘤病理类型与近期疗效密切相关(P=0.000),V50/V0(体积退缩率)与S50/S0(最大截面积退缩率)在反映肿瘤近期疗效时,密切相关,有很好的一致性。结论:50Gy时肿瘤退缩率是评价近期疗效的较可靠指标,可部分反映肿瘤放射敏感性。肿瘤最大体积退缩率与肿瘤最大截面积退缩率均可作为评价近期疗效的指标。     

三维适形放疗非小细胞肺癌预后因素分析

目的回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)三维适形放疗(3DCRT)疗效及其预后因子。方法接受3DCRT的178例NSCLC中男136例,女42例,中位年龄65岁。放疗剂量2～3 Gy/次,6次/周,总剂量60～75Gy。对相关指标进行单因素、多因素分析,并用预后指数模型综合评价放疗疗效。结果中位随访期16个月(14～38个月),1、2年生存率分别为62.4%、39.7%,中位生存时间16个月。单因素分析显示性别、疗前体重下降、病理类型、T分期、原发肿瘤最大横径、GTV体积、照射总剂量对生存期有影响。多因素分析显示疗前体重下降、病理类型、GTV体积和照射总剂量为独立的预后因子,综合以上4种因素的预后指数模型能较好地区分不同的预后亚组。结论疗前体重下降、病理类型、GTV体积及照射总剂量是NSCLC患者3DCRT的独立预后因子,预后指数模型比单个因素能更好地反映3DCRT预后。     

全肺放疗治疗双肺多发转移癌24例临床分析

目的探讨全肺放疗治疗肺转移癌的价值。方法1999年3月至2003年5月，我院肿瘤科收治24例双肺多发转移癌病人，均给予全肺放疗。并对临床资料进行总结分析。结果放疗结束时转移癌CR为37．5％(9／24)，PR为50．0％(12／24)，有效率(PR CR)达87．5％。原发肿瘤为鼻咽癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌的中位生存期分别为13．5、22．0、10．5、8．5个月。1-2级放射性肺炎发生率为25．0%(6／24)，3级为8．3％(2／24)；4-5级为0。结论恶性肿瘤肺多发转移可以采用全肺放疗 局部小野补量治疗，尤其适用于原发肿瘤对放疗中高度敏感、化疗无效的病人，可获得较好疗效。毒副作用可耐受。     

鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤的化学治疗及放射治疗

目的 探讨不同治疗方法对鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者的预后影响。方法 在59例原发于鼻腔NHLIE期患者中,化疗 放疗33例,放疗 化疗8例,单纯化疗10例,单纯放疗8例,化疗方案为CHOP.结果 全组患者的l,3,5年生存率分别为71．2％、42．0％和38．5％,不同治疗方法的生存率差异无显著性(P=0．3943),但生存曲线显示,放化组优于其他组。临床分期显示,Ig局限组患者l,3,5年生存率为84．2c／／,67．7％和62．0%,,Ig超腔组患者为50．0％、14．3％和14．3％,差异有显著性(P=0．0012)。首程化疗≥3个周期24例,首程放疗≥40 Gy16例,CR率分别为25．0v／／,和75．0％,筹异有显著性(P=0．002)。首程化疗2,3～4,5～6个周期的CR率分别为10．5％、25．0％和25．0％,差异无显著性(P=0．48)。并发症发生率及治疗相关死亡率均以化放组为高(39．4％,15．2％),但差异无显著性(P=0．202,P=0．693)。结论 Ⅰ期鼻腔NHL患者首选放疗,以尽早达到局部控制,再根据临床分期及恶性程度或国际预后指数(IPI)酌情给予更有效的化疗方案。     

三维适形放疗治疗T4期食管癌预后分析

目的探讨T4期食管癌三维适形放疗的疗效及预后影响因素。方法130例T4期食管癌接受三维适形放疗,放疗剂量DT50～76 Gy。将性别、年龄、食管原发肿瘤部位、放疗前进食状况、食管造影显示病变长度、CT显示瘤体最大直径、淋巴结转移与否、远处转移与否、放疗剂量、化疗与否和近期疗效等11个因素, 采用Kaplan-Meier法进行预后单因素和多因素分析。 结果全组放疗后食管造影评价CR 34例、PR 83例、NR 13例,总有效率(CR+PR)为90%;全组1、3、4年生存率分别为57.69%、2273%和16.92%;中位生存期14.2月。单因素分析表明,食管原发肿瘤部位、放疗前饮食状况、淋巴结转移、远处转移、食管造影显示病变长度、CT显示瘤体最大直径和近期疗效与预后有关（P<0.05）,而性别、年龄、化疗和放疗剂量与预后无关（P>0.05）。Cox多因素分析显示,食管原发肿瘤部位、淋巴结转移、远处转移、放疗前饮食状况和食管造影显示病变长度为独立预后因素 (P<0.05)。结论对于T4期食管癌,原发肿瘤位于颈及胸上段、放疗前进食梗阻轻、无淋巴结转移及远处转移、病变较短者三维适形放疗预后越好,而胸中下段癌、放疗前进食梗阻重、有淋巴结转移、有远处转移、原发肿瘤病变越长者放疗预后越差。     

适形放疗与常规放疗结合治疗Ⅲ期肺鳞癌疗效分析

自1996年10月—2000年10月对118例Ⅲ期肺鳞癌常规放射治疗40—50Gy(平均44．6Gy)后的残留病灶再行适形放疗。肿瘤边缘单次处方剂量平均为6．8Gy，间隔1—2d，总照射剂量平均为39．4Gy。肿瘤靶体积(GTV)0．8cm^3-148．6cm^3，平均36．6cm^3，计划靶体积(PTV)3．6cm^3—213．5cm^3，平均51．4cm^3。近期肿瘤退缩率分别为CR30．5％(36／118)、PR53．4％(63／118)、NR11．9％(14／118)和PD4．2％(5／118)，总有效率(CR PR)83．9％。1、2、3年生存率分别为68．6％(81／118)、35．6％(31／87)和12．2％(6／49)，局部控制率分别为92．4％(109／118)、85．1％(74／87)和79．6％(39／49)。急性放射性肺炎Ⅰ—Ⅱ级27．1％(32／118)，Ⅲ级3．4％(4／118)，Ⅳ级0(0／118)。急性放射性食管炎Ⅰ—Ⅱ级16．1％(19／118)，Ⅲ—Ⅳ级0(0/118)。骨髓抑制Ⅰ—Ⅱ级9．3％(11／118)，Ⅲ—Ⅳ级0(0／118)。晚期放射性食管反应Ⅲ级1例，放射性肺损伤Ⅱ级1例。结果说明，对Ⅲ期肺鳞癌常规放疗后再行适形放疗局部加量照射，患者可耐受，疗程短，提高肿瘤控制率，延长生存期，是局部剂量升级的有效方法。     

64例早期鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的疗效和预后分析

目的：回顾性分析64例早期原发鼻腔NK／T细胞淋巴瘤患者的疗效，探讨其预后因素.方法：收集1993年6月至2005年10月间收治的64例早期原发鼻腔NK／T细胞淋巴瘤患者的资料。根据Ann Arbor分期标准，64例患者均为ⅠE／ⅡE期，单纯放疗23例，其余41例接受放、化联合治疗。单因素分析采用Kaplan—Meier法，多因素分析运用Cox比例风险模型．结果：全组中位生存时间41个月，5年总生存（OS）率为59．17％．单纯放疗组和联合放化疗组5年OS率分别是57．86％和61．45％（P=0．47），二者对生存率影响无明显统计学差异．多因素回归分析表明，治疗前PS评分≥2分、初诊时病灶超腔、首程治疗完全缓解率（CR）低是预后不良的独立因素。结论：对早期鼻腔NK／T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗．放疗加CHOP方案化疗对远期生存率没有提高。治疗前PS评分、初诊时病灶是否超腔、首程治疗完全缓解率．可作为判断鼻腔NK／T细胞淋巴瘤临床预后的参考指标。     

鼻咽癌原发肿瘤体积与颈淋巴结转移相关性的研究

目的：探讨鼻咽癌原发肿瘤体积大小与颈淋巴结转移、分布及大小（直径）之间的相关性。方法：128例鼻咽癌患者放疗前行CT增强扫描，在TPS系统的CT融合图像上，对照增强CT片逐层勾画肿瘤，TPS将自动测出其原发肿瘤体积及淋巴结直径。结果：128例鼻咽癌患者有颈淋巴结转移89（69．5％）例。原发肿瘤不同体积≤20、21～40、41～60和〉60cm^3组颈淋巴结转移率分别为47．4％（18／38）、78．3％（36／46）、84．0％（21／25）和73．7％（14／19）（P=0．004）。转移颈淋巴结直径≥3cm在原发肿瘤不同体积组占有率分别为18．4％（7／38）、63．0％（29／46）、68．0％（17／25）和47．4％（9／19）（P=0．001）。但颈淋巴结转移直径〈3cm各体积组差异无统计学意义，P〉0．05。不同体积组颈淋巴结转移在Ⅲ区占有率随着体积增大而增高，P=0．001。而其余各区不同原发肿瘤体积各组淋巴结占有率差异无统计学意义，P〉0．05。结论：不同原发肿瘤体积与颈淋巴结转移率、大小及在颈部分区之间存在着密切相关性，尤其是原发肿瘤体积≤20cm^3组与〉20cm^3两者差异有统计学意义，这为研究鼻咽癌的转移和预后规律提供一个新的线索，并有临床实际应用价值。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.     

Endometrial cancers and predisposition

As nearly 5% of all endometrial cancers occur because of a predisposition, this possibility has systematically to be explored. The hallmarks of predisposition, a young age at diagnosis, a personal or a familial history of cancer, have to be searched systematically. The identification of a predisposition in a family has a major impact on the management of the proband or his relatives. The endometrial cancer main predisposition is Lynch's syndrome. In this review, we will focus on this condition and describe its clinical manifestations, the underlying molecular mechanisms, the cancer risks and the management guidelines. We will also get onto some far less frequent other predispositions.