超高压和热处理对龙眼干品质特性的影响

本研究对比分析超高压与热处理在达到延长保藏期的基础上对高水分龙眼干色泽、质构、多酚及抗氧化活性的影响。实验结果表明,相比未处理龙眼干,超高压处理对龙眼干果肉色泽的b*值没有影响,仅较小影响L*和a*值,但显著影响热处理样品的L*、a*和b*值(P0.05);热处理则显著影响胶粘性、硬度和粘性(P0.05),而超高压只显著影响果肉的硬度与粘性且影响远小于热处理(P0.05),85℃处理60 min后果肉的硬度为118.87显著低于400 MPa处理10 min后的样品(232.86)和未处理样品(246.90)(P0.05);超高压和热处理都能显著提高龙眼干的多酚含量(P0.05),且热处理要显著高于超高压处理和未处理样品,但超高压处理样品的抗氧化能力显著高于热处理和未处理样品(P0.05),其中500 MPa处理20 min时有最高的DPPH清除能力,400 MPa处理10 min羟自由基清除能力最高,热处理样品的抗氧化能力最低。     

超高压和热灭菌对芒果原浆品质影响的比较

对比分析了超高压(UHP)及热处理在达到商业杀菌要求的基础上对芒果原浆感官品质、营养成分及理化性质的影响。实验结果表明,随着压力值(300～500MPa)的上升菌落总数逐渐减少,超高压处理(450MPa,28℃,20min)及热处理(85℃,10min)条件下均可达到商业无菌;上述两种处理条件处理后芒果原浆pH、可溶性固形物含量与对照样差异不显著(P0.05);超高压处理样品的L*、b*值与对照样差异显著(P0.05),a*值与对照样差异不显著(P0.05),热处理样品的L*、a*、b*值与对照样相比差异均显著(P0.05),超高压处理样品更好地保持了原有色泽;超高压处理样品的还原型VC保留率达91.18%,远高于热处理;感官分析通过定量描述分析法对不同处理方式处理后的样品进行分析评定,结果表明,超高压处理样品在色、香、味等方面都接近对照样。因此,超高压技术不仅具有较好的杀菌效果,而且最大限度地保证了芒果原浆的品质。     

超高压和热杀菌对枸杞汁品质的影响

为开发枸杞汁杀菌新技术,采用超高压和热杀菌处理枸杞汁,分析微生物、活性成分、抗氧化活性及色泽等品质指标在处理前、后及贮藏期间的变化。两种处理后枸杞汁微生物均小于10 CFU/m L,而超高压组菌落总数在贮藏结束时为117 CFU/m L,超过行业标准要求;p H值、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量在两种处理前、后及贮藏期间均无显著变化;处理前、后及贮藏期间枸杞多糖含量基本稳定,而两处理组的总类胡萝卜素和总酚含量在贮藏期间呈下降趋势,超高压能更好保留其含量;在处理前、后及贮藏期间,超高压对枸杞汁抗氧化活性的保持也优于热处理,通过相关性分析发现抗氧化活性与总酚和总类胡萝卜素含量呈显著正相关;通过处理前、后各颜色指标的对比,发现超高压能更好地保持枸杞汁原有的颜色,贮藏期间超高压组L*,a*,b*值降低量高于热处理组,通过PPO及POD活性分析推测酶促色变是引起贮藏期间超高压组颜色变化大于热处理组的重要原因之一。本研究为超高压应用于枸杞汁加工提供理论依据。     

超高压与热杀菌对刺梨汁贮藏期品质影响的比较

本实验对比了超高压（500 MPa、10 min）和传统热杀菌（90 ℃、15 min）对刺梨汁处理前后及4 ℃、30 d贮藏期内微生物、理化指标、色泽、活性成分等的影响。结果表明,两种处理使刺梨汁菌落总数均小于1.0（lg（CFU/mL））,贮藏结束时,超高压与热处理组菌落总数分别为1.83（lg（CFU/mL））和2.60（lg（CFU/mL））;两种处理均使刺梨汁L*值显著上升（P＜0.05）,热处理刺梨汁褐变度显著高于超高压处理（P＜0.05）,表明超高压能更好地保持刺梨汁原有的色度;贮藏期间b*值呈现下降趋势;与热处理相比,超高压处理能更好地保持刺梨汁中的总酚、VC水平及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力。贮藏结束时,超高压组总酚、VC质量浓度、SOD活力及抗氧化活性的保留率分别为93.32%、52.80%、64.49%、93.96%,热处理组总酚、VC、SOD活力与抗氧化活性的保留率分别为81.68%、28.35%、41.65%、93.30%。综上,超高压处理相较于传统热处理在保持刺梨汁品质特性与抗氧化物质方面有显著优势,可作为一种新型刺梨汁饮料加工技术。     

超高压前处理对植物乳杆菌发酵红枣汁品质的影响

该研究使用100 MPa、200 MPa、300 MPa、400 MPa和500 MPa超高压对红枣汁进行了前处理,其接种植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)JZ27-2进行了发酵,以热处理红枣汁为对照,从乳酸菌活菌数、颜色、风味、滋味和稳定性解析了超高压前处理对乳酸菌发酵红枣汁品质的影响。结果表明,超高压前处理对发酵红枣汁中乳酸菌的活菌数没有显著影响(P>0.05),可以显著提高发酵红枣汁的a^*值和b^*值(P<0.05),显著降低L^*值(P<0.05),对发酵红枣汁滋味品质没有显著影响(P>0.05),但对芳香类物质敏感的传感器W1C、W3C和W5C对发酵红枣汁的响应值均显著增大(P<0.05);400 MPa前处理的发酵红枣汁热处理和乙醇处理稳定性均没有显著变化,而强制老化稳定性得以提升;主成分分析结果表明,400 MPa时发酵红枣汁的风味品质较佳,颜色更鲜红,同时稳定性更好。由此可见,可以使用超高压对乳酸菌发酵红枣汁进行前处理,最佳处理压力为400 ...     

超高压处理对草莓汁贮藏期微生物及品质的影响

本文研究了超高压杀菌处理(600 MPa,20 min)和热处理(95℃,10 min)对4℃和25℃贮藏35 d的草莓汁中微生物及品质的影响。结果表明,超高压处理的草莓汁在贮藏期内可确保微生物的安全性;草莓汁亮度L*、黄度值b*、色差△E、p H值、可溶性固形物和总酚含量变化不显著,然而均优于热处理;4℃和25℃下草莓汁的红度值a*和花色苷含量有显著影响(P0.05);4℃下各品质指标的变化幅度小于25℃的变化幅度;超高压处理结合低温贮藏可以较好地保持草莓汁的品质,处理效果总体优于热杀菌。     

高密度CO2和常压处理对哈密瓜汁浊度、色度、褐变度变化的研究

通过对高密度CO2和常压处理后哈密瓜汁的浊度、色差(L,a,b)、褐变度及颜色变化动力学等指标的研究进行比较,结果表明,高密度CO2处理过的样品浊度和褐变度(A值)都有增大,总色差(△E)变化不显著.同时分析了高密度CO2和常压处理后哈密瓜汁的L值和A值的一级反应动力学.     

超高压和热处理对沙棘-哈密瓜复合果汁品质的影响

以沙棘和哈密瓜为原料，通过感官评价分析，研制出一款沙棘-哈密瓜复合果汁。分别采用超高压(500 MPa, 5 min)和热处理(90℃,1 min)对果汁进行处理，分析处理前后和贮藏15 d内杀菌效果、色泽、活性成分等的变化。结果表明，经过超高压和热处理后，沙棘哈密瓜复合汁菌落总数<1 lg CFU/mL,贮藏15 d后菌落总数也符合国家标准要求。贮藏前后和贮藏过程中，pH值和可溶性固形物含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。与未处理组相比，超高压处理对沙棘哈密瓜复合汁颜色的影响小于热处理组，超高压处理的样品在贮藏过程中颜色比热处理组更稳定。贮藏期间，维生素C、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活性均呈下降趋势。超高压处理能较好地保留样品中的维生素C、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活性，其保留率分别为75.48%、74.54%、84.16%和92.75%。因此，超高压是一种能保持沙棘哈密瓜复合汁品质的杀菌方法。     

超高压微射流对铁棍山药汁物理稳定性的影响

为探究超高压微射流对山药汁物理稳定性的影响,研究不同压力(40~200 MPa)和不同次数(1、2、3、4次)对山药汁可溶性固形物含量、粒径、Zeta电位、色泽、浊度和非酶褐变度的影响。结果表明,山药汁经超高压微射流处理后,可溶性固形物含量无显著变化;山药汁亮度L*值显著增大,40、80、120、160、200 MPa压力下处理1次后,亮度值较未处理样品分别增加了0.2%、21.4%、30.5%、52.4%、53.9%,而a*值、b*值呈减小趋势;Zeta电位随着压力的增加,电位绝对值有所下降,在-32.2至-23.7 m V之间变化;山药汁中颗粒平均粒径显著减小(p0.05);浊度和非酶褐变度逐渐降低。表明超高压微射流处理可以改善山药汁的物理稳定性,为消费者提供高质量的蔬菜汁。     

热处理对哈密瓜汁品质影响的研究

通过对热处理前后的哈密瓜汁的可溶性固形物、pH值、色差(L,a,b)、透光率、颜色及颜色变化动力学等指标的研究,对哈密瓜汁颜色等品质的变化规律进行了探索.结果表明:哈密瓜汁的可溶性固形物、pH值、透光率等指标都有不同程度的增加,且一级动力学公式能很好地分析哈密瓜汁的L值在热处理过程中的变化.     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

Analysis of cheese for histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophane

A method is described for determining the content of selected biologically active amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine) and amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) in cheeses by high performance liquid chromatography. The amines and amino acids were quantified by employing a counter ion-containing mobile phase and by comparing peak areas of high performance liquid chromatography charts for sample cheeses versus standard cheeses containing known amounts of added amines based on dual injections of samples and standards. Recovery of amines and amino acids varied from 87.5 to 111%. Histamine, which has been associated with food poisoning in concentrations of 185 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese and 180 to 500 mg/100 g in fish, was found in concentrations above 500 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese. The high performance liquid chromatography analytical method should be useful for screening to detect cheese samples containing toxic amounts of histamine and for research studies designed to determine the cause and effect relationships for histamine production in cheese.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

In Vitro Digestion of Raw,Roasted, and Pressure-Flaked Corn, ,

We compared raw, roasted, and pressure-flaked com in dry matter and starch digestion studies in vitro. For dry matter digestion, incubations were 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Dry matter digestion was increased in hours 1 through 24 by processing. Digestion in the 48-h period was decreased by processing which suggests that processing may increase the ease of utilization but not total utilization. Roasting decreased 48-h dry matter digestion more than pressure flaking. Starch digestion with incubations 1, 4, 24, and 48 h favored processed corn at all hours except 4. The 48-h observations from both studies indicate that while processing enhances starch utilization, it impairs utilization of other components in the grain. Prediction equations for dry matter and starch digestion for each corn treatment from length of incubation period and squared length of incubation period had multiple correlations of .96 or greater.     

The effect of storage of canned juices on content of the metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Al, Cd, Sb and Ni

The increase in concentration of iron, copper, zinc, lead, antimony, aluminium, cadmium, tin and nickel over a 2 year's time of juices of peach (prunus persica), pear (pyrus communis), apricot (prunus vulgaris) and apple (malus pumila) was determined. The results show a considerable increase in Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn with time, while the change in Al, Cd, Ni and Sb is negligible.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range less than 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.