基于纳米金生成的过氧化氢快速检测方法

建立了一种基于生成胶体金的光学信号快速检测过氧化氢(H2O2)的方法。在4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)、柠檬酸钠和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的协同作用下,H2O2可还原氯金酸,并且在不同H2O2浓度下生成不同颜色的纳米金。通过肉眼观察生成纳米金的颜色,可以定性检测H2O2,其检测灵敏度可达到0.8μmol/L。采用分光光度法分析,其检测灵敏度可达到0.06μmol/L,检测线性范围为0.2~1 000μmol/L。对牛百叶中添加10,25和100μg/g的H2O2,经过简单的样品处理,其检测回收率可达到75.2%~82.5%,相对偏差小于13%。通过肉眼观察,对牛百叶中过氧化氢检测限可达到25μg/g。因此,该方法具有灵敏度高、成本低、快速简便等优点,可用于各类食品或生物基质中H2O2的检测。     

稻米中镉快速检测金标试纸条的研制

制备一种用于快速检测稻米中重金属镉的金标试纸条。将完全抗原Cd-iEDTA-BSA作为T线,羊抗鼠二抗作为C线,包被于硝酸纤维素膜上,纳米金颗粒标记的7E8G9单克隆抗体包被于金标垫上,组装成金标试纸条。试纸条的灵敏度为0.2μg/mL、重复性良好、与Hg~(2+)有较强交叉,最高共存浓度不得高于1.0μg/mL;与Zn~(2+)有一定交叉,最高共存浓度不得高于10μg/mL;与Cu~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Pb~(2+)几乎无交叉:贮存期约为1年。试纸条检测稻米中镉与GFAAS结果一致。成功制备了金标试纸条,并应用于快速检测稻米中重金属镉。     

重金属离子的聚苯胺修饰印刷电极的脲酶生物传感器检测

利用丝网印刷电极,构建了一种基于聚苯胺膜和壳聚糖的生物传感器,实现了重金属离子的快速检测。聚苯胺膜可通过电聚合修饰在丝网印刷电极表面,对电位变化有明显的响应,可以利用酶抑制作用,检测重金属离子。壳聚糖具有良好的生物兼容性,可以保持脲酶的活性。在最优条件下,用生物传感器检测重金属离子Hg~(2+)和Cd~(2+),重金属离子浓度的对数与抑制率呈良好的线性关系,Hg~(2+)的检出限为3.89μg/L,Cd~(2+)的检出限为5.41μg/L。该传感器用于纺织品样品的检测,加标回收率在88%~111%,可以满足实际检测需求。     

改性聚乙烯醇-乙烯共聚物纳米纤维膜对重金属离子的吸附性能

为改善重金属离子对环境的破坏作用,制备了改性聚乙烯醇-乙烯共聚物(PVA-co-PE)纳米纤维膜用于重金属离子吸附。探讨了重金属初始浓度、吸附时间及pH值对改性膜重金属吸附量的影响。结果表明:经罗丹宁改性后的纳米纤维膜对Hg~(2+)的吸附属于Langmuir吸附等温线,遵从准二级方程,即化学吸附;当pH=3时,改性膜对Hg~(2+)的平衡吸附量最大为17.26 mg/g,且具有一定的可循环利用性。此外,改性膜具有较好的抗菌性,对混合重金属溶液(Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+))也具有一定的吸附能力,为重金属废水的处理提供一种有效方法。     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中的双酚A和壬基酚

目的建立浊点萃取.高效液相色谱相结合检测牛奶中双酚A和4-n-壬基酚的分析方法。方法应用浊点萃取(CPE)对牛奶中的双酚A和4-n-壬基酚进行萃取富集。研究确立了牛奶体积为10 mL时,冰乙酸体积为200μL,无水硫酸钠质量为0.900 g,离心参数为9917.355 g(10000 r/min)、8℃、10 min的最佳破乳条件;最佳浊点萃取条件为:Tween 20的浓度为100 g/L,无水硫酸钠的质量为0.020 g,正丁醇的体积为200μL,平衡温度为60℃,平衡时间为30 min。结果双酚A在0.05-2.00 mg/L,壬基酚在0.1~5.00 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.999,双酚A的加标回收率在85.60~91.20%之间,壬基酚在71.30~73.30%之间,RSD为3.42~9.85%,方法的检出限分别为7.36μg/kg、93.19μg/kg。结论该方法具有有机试剂用量少、灵敏度高、绿色环保以及操作简单等特点,对于牛奶中的双酚A和壬基酚有着良好的检测效果。     

基于发卡型DNA循环杂交放大技术检测海产品中的Hg~(2+)含量

利用发卡型DNA的循环杂交放大作用和碱基T与Hg~(2+)之间的稳定结构,设计了一种高灵敏性的表面增强拉曼生物传感器用于海产品中痕量汞的检测。首先制备了携带有大量拉曼信号分子的纳米金生物条码作为拉曼信号探针。然后通过酰胺键将捕获DNA固载在磁珠表面上,利用T-Hg~(2+)-T形成的稳定结构和链式循环杂交反应放大技术,将含有大量拉曼信号DNA分子的纳米金颗粒通过生物素和链霉亲和素的特异性结合到磁珠上,最后通过SERS技术实现了溶液中Hg~(2+)的检测。最佳实验条件下,当固定磁珠捕获DNA浓度为1.0×10~(-7) mol/L,Tris-HCl缓冲溶液为p H 7.4,37℃下杂交反应3 h后,Hg~(2+)的浓度与拉曼信号强度呈良好的线性关系,测定线性范围为1.0×10~(-7)~1.0×10~(-13) mol/L,检测限1.0×10~(-13) mol/L(S/N=3)。该传感器用于海产品中Hg~(2+)的测定,测定值与ICP-AES的测定值基本一致。     

金纳米棒比色探针法测定维生素C的初步研究

目的采用金纳米棒作为探针,构建一套灵敏简单的用于检测维生素C的比色方法。方法采用壳聚糖-三聚磷酸钠复合物作为还原剂和稳定剂制备金纳米棒;采用紫外-可见光分光光度计和透射电子显微镜对其进行表征;根据金汞齐的形成原理,通过金纳米棒的长短径比值下降所造成的溶液颜色的明显变化,快速检测体系中不同浓度的维生素C。结果当检测体系中出现维生素C时,颜色由蓝色变为橙色;在维生素C浓度为1~100μmol/L和250—2000μmol/L范围内时,其浓度与体系吸光度比值(A_(530)/A_(640))呈现明显的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9894和0.9843,检出限为0.067μmol/L。结论该体系下制备的金纳米比色探针可以实时快速检测维生素C的含量。     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中的 双酚A和壬基酚

目的 建立浊点萃取-高效液相色谱相结合检测牛奶中双酚A和4-n-壬基酚的分析方法。方法 应用浊点萃取(CPE)对牛奶中的双酚A和4-n-壬基酚进行萃取富集。研究确立了牛奶体积为10mL时,冰乙酸体积为200 μL,无水硫酸钠质量为0.900 g,离心参数为9917.355 g（10000 r/min）、8℃、10 min的最佳破乳条件; 最佳浊点萃取条件为: Tween 20的浓度为100g/L,无水硫酸钠的质量为0.020g,正丁醇的体积为200μL,平衡温度为60℃,平衡时间为30min。结果 双酚A在0.05-2.00mg/L,壬基酚在0.1~5.00mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.999,双酚A的加标回收率在85.60～91.20 %之间,壬基酚在71.30~73.30%之间,RSD为3.42～9.85 %,方法的检出限分别为7.36 μg/kg、93.19μg/kg。结论 该方法具有有机试剂用量少、灵敏度高、绿色环保以及操作简单等特点, 对于牛奶中的双酚A和壬基酚有着良好的检测效果。     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱法检测牛奶中苯甲酸

建立了基于浊点萃取(CPE)测定牛奶中苯甲酸的高效液相(HPLC)色谱法.以非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单月桂酸酯(Tween-20)为萃取剂,考察了萃取剂的浓度、盐的浓度、加热温度及时间、pH值等因素对浊点萃取效果的影响.CPE方法的优化条件:Tween-20的浓度为3%(V/V)、(NH4)2SO4的浓度300g/L、在pH值为4的条件下90℃萃取10min;色谱条件:色谱柱为Venusil MP C18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相为乙酸铵水溶液(0.02mol/L)-甲醇(体积比为90:10),流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长230nm.在上述实验条件下,苯甲酸在0.2-2μg/mL时其浓度与检测信号呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9998,检出限为0.025μg/mL;在牛奶样品中加标回收率为98.90%100.16%,相对标准偏差为1.2%2.5%.     

基于荧光探针的汞离子检测方法研究

目的建立基于荧光探针的汞离子快速检测方法。方法基于汞离子促进硫羰基脱硫的不可逆反应,设计合成了含有双硫羰基的荧光探针HgP1。通过紫外-可见光谱法和荧光光谱法研究了探针HgP1在甲醇水溶液中对金属离子的识别特性,并探讨了其识别机制。结果探针HgP1对Hg~(2+)具有高效专一的选择性,具有较强的抗金属阳离子和阴离子干扰能力,并能通过溶液颜色变化实现对汞离子的裸眼识别。Hg~(2+)浓度在0.01~0.1μmol/L范围内与该探针溶液荧光发射强度值间呈良好的线性关系(R~2=0.988),该方法对汞离子的最低检测限为0.256μg/kg。结论 HgP1探针对汞离子具有高效专一的选择性,其最低检测限满足国家标准对食品中汞离子的限量要求,具备较强的实际应用价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.