复配植酸保鲜剂对荔枝果实的保鲜效果

本文报道植酸复配苯甲酸和柠檬酸对荔枝果实的保鲜效果。新鲜荔枝经复配植酸保鲜剂处理5～10min,3±1℃贮藏40d,根据果皮褐变,感官指标,腐烂程度和营养成分的变化评定保鲜效果。结果表明:复配植酸保鲜剂可使荔枝果实保鲜期达到40d左右,果肉品质、风味、果皮色泽保持良好。     

茶树油、丁香酚、柠檬醛在荔枝保鲜中的应用

本文研究了茶树油、丁香酚和柠檬醛的挥发性香氛对荔枝的保鲜作用,采用复配方法探究三种香料对荔枝的协同保鲜效果。结果表明:在冷藏(4±1℃)过程中,茶树油和丁香酚、柠檬醛的挥发性香氛可抑制荔枝果实腐败,延缓果皮衰老和果肉维生素C含量的降低,对保持荔枝果实的感官品质也具有积极作用;且三者复配后效果更佳,贮藏至18天,复配组荔枝的腐败率、果皮相对渗透率、维生素含量分别为对照组的56.0%、72.8%、124.8%,果皮颜色、果实滋味、果实气味和整体评价分别比对照组高2.4、3.3、2.6和3.4分。     

荔枝果实的防腐保色研究

在常温条件下(31-35℃),荔枝果实采用保鲜剂4号、保鲜粉、食盐、AIBA洗果,2－AB熏果,聚乙烯薄膜包装,贮藏8天,防止荔枝果皮褐变和果实腐烂有较好效果。但是,品种之间有很大差异,供试的三个荔枝品种中,以“乌叶”的效果最好,“早红”次之,“兰竹”最差。令人感兴趣的是带枝叶未用药剂处理的“早红”、“乌叶”荔枝,具有延缓果皮褐变的效果,其鲜红果皮分别为40%和50.8%,亦有较好保鲜作用。品质分析和品尝证明,经2－AB、保鲜剂4号处理和带枝叶的果实风味最佳,AIBA、食盐处理的果实风味略差,未经处理的果实风味最差,少数果实有异味。     

肉桂醛抗菌复合保鲜剂涂膜对采后荔枝的保鲜效果

对贮藏期荔枝的主要致腐菌进行科赫氏验证、形态学分析和ITS序列鉴定,优化肉桂醛抗菌复合保鲜剂的配方,探究其在荔枝保鲜中的应用效果。结果显示：引起荔枝腐烂的主要致腐菌为黑根霉（Rhizopus nigricans）,肉桂醛复合保鲜剂可明显抑制荔枝的霉变。复合保鲜剂的组分（壳聚糖、玉米醇溶蛋白、甘油）均可显著减缓荔枝果实的可溶性固形物质量分数的下降和质量损失率的上升,延长荔枝的贮藏期;根据综合平衡法从正交试验组合中优选出复合保鲜剂最佳配方,即壳聚糖质量浓度1.2 g/100 mL、玉米醇溶蛋白质量浓度1.6 g/100 mL、甘油质量浓度0.7 g/100 mL、肉桂醛质量浓度750 mg/L。优选配方处理荔枝常温贮藏8 d时,果皮腐烂指数0.16,商品果率92.3%,贮后果皮色泽鲜亮,感官品质好,保鲜效果佳。     

几种保鲜模式对荔枝贮藏效果对比

为研究保鲜模式对荔枝果实贮藏品质变化的影响,在模式可控的保鲜厢体上,以"桂味"荔枝果实作为试验材料,分别在气调、控温控湿和仅控温3种保鲜模式下,开展荔枝果实贮藏试验,比较不同保鲜模式对荔枝果实贮藏效果的影响。试验结果表明,贮藏20 d后,气调模式荔枝的好果率接近1.00,控温控湿模式好果率为0.81,仅控温模式荔枝好果率为0.59;在贮藏期前5 d,不同保鲜模式下的荔枝果实品质差异不显著;仅控温模式荔枝在贮藏过程中果皮水分百分含量迅速下降至0.57、果实失重率迅速增长至11.52%;气调和控温控湿模式下,荔枝果实失重率分别上升至2.91%和2.05%,果皮水分百分含量分别从0.73降至0.69和0.71;不同保鲜模式对荔枝果肉TSS和TA含量变化影响不显著;第20 d货架期试验表明,气调模式能够延缓荔枝果实货架期失重率的变化。研究结果为荔枝果实贮运方式选择提供一定的参考。     

一种复配保鲜剂对鲜切油豆角贮藏品质的影响

以东北油豆角为原料,研究抗坏血酸、植酸和壳聚糖三种保鲜剂的复配对鲜切油豆角贮藏期间品质的影响,以蒸馏水为对照组,选取褐变度为指标进行单因素及正交试验,并选取叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸含量等作为指标,验证复配保鲜剂的保鲜效果。结果表明,抗坏血酸、植酸和壳聚糖三种保鲜剂的最佳浓度分别为0.25%,0.25%和1.0%;正交试验得出,鲜切油豆角的最佳复配保鲜剂由1.0%的壳聚糖溶液、0.30%抗坏血酸溶液和0.30%植酸溶液组成,影响顺序为:抗坏血酸植酸壳聚糖,得到的复配保鲜剂对鲜切油豆角有较好的保鲜作用。     

无核沙糖橘保鲜剂优化研究

采用不同保鲜剂处理无核沙糖橘,研究不同保鲜荆对无核沙糖橘保鲜效果的影响,筛选最佳保鲜荆配方.并将保鲜效果同普通冷藏作比较.结果表明,采用温度6℃,0.01%2.4-D 0.025%特克多 0.5%可溶性果蜡复配,保鲜效果明显比普通冷藏对照组更好.贮藏60d,此保鲜剂处理的果实好果率达95.1%,有效地维持了果实Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物和总糖含量,外观饱满不皱皮.     

长角豆胶复合涂膜保鲜剂常温保鲜荔枝的研究

本实验以长角豆胶与黄原胶复配胶为涂膜基质,CMC-Na、柠檬酸和吐温80等为成膜助剂,配以丁香、艾叶和大黄等具有抗菌作用的中草药制剂,配制成中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂,研究了常温(均温30.50℃)下该复合涂膜保鲜剂对荔枝品质变化的影响.结果表明:常温下经该保鲜剂涂膜保鲜的荔枝与对照组相比,果实腐烂率、失重率明显降低,呼吸强度、PPO活性及营养成分的消耗被抑制,延缓了果实的衰老过程.     

刺槐豆胶复合涂膜保鲜剂低温保鲜荔枝的研究

以长角豆胶与黄原胶复配为涂膜基质,CMC-Na、柠檬酸和吐温-80等为成膜助剂,配以丁香、艾叶和大黄等抗茵作用成分.配制成复合涂膜保鲜剂,研究低温(均温为-4℃)下该复合涂膜保鲜剂时荔枝品质变化的影响.结果表明:低温下经长角豆胶复合涂膜保鲜剂保鲜的荔枝与对照组相比,果实腐烂率、失重率明显降低,呼吸强度、PPO活性及营养成分的消耗被抑制,延缓了果实的衰老过程.     

不同保鲜剂含量的保鲜纸对番茄保鲜效果的研究

研究不同保鲜剂含量的保鲜纸对番茄的保鲜效果,采用浆内添加法分别制备20%、40%和60%保鲜剂含量的保鲜纸。结果表明,在贮藏过程中,实验组果实的失重率均小于对照组,实验组果实可溶性固形物含量高于对照组,保鲜剂的加入可有效推迟果实呼吸高峰的到来5 d左右,60%保鲜剂含量果实的硬度和可滴定酸含量的下降趋势小于其他各组。就保鲜效果而言,60%保鲜剂含量是最佳的含量,其次是40%和20%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.