脂质包衣的姜黄素/玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒的制备及性能表征

以磷脂及玉米醇溶蛋白为载体材料,采用"两步法"构建了脂质包衣的姜黄素纳米负载体系.首先利用溶剂共沉淀法制备姜黄素/玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒,然后将脂质体与姜黄素/玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒共同挤压过膜以制备脂质包衣的姜黄素纳米粒.制得的纳米粒粒径较小(90 nm),粒径分布(polydispersity index,PDI=0.23...     

酶解玉米醇溶蛋白-叶黄素纳米粒的制备、结构表征及体外抗氧化和释放特性研究

本研究采用中性蛋白酶（Neutral protease, NPT）对玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）进行酶解改性,通过反溶剂法构建玉米醇溶蛋白酶解物（Corn protein hydrolysate,CPH）负载叶黄素（CPH-LUT）纳米体系,研究了其结构表征、体外抗氧化活性及溶解释放特性。研究结果表明,最佳酶解条件为：酶用量 2.7%,酶解时间60 min,酶解温度50℃,酶解pH 6.0,在此条件下,对叶黄素的包封率最高可达92.1 ± 1.5%：制备的CPH-LUT纳米粒的平均粒径为173.7 nm,多分散系数为0.077,Zeta电位为-18.1 mV;抗氧化和体外释放实验表明,CPH-LUT纳米粒中叶黄素的溶解性以及抗氧化活性显著提高,叶黄素在胃液和肠液中的释放皆符合一级动力学模型,且CPH对叶黄素具有一定的缓释作用。NPT酶解改性的玉米蛋白可作为叶黄素类功能成分保护和输送的有效载体。     

负载丁香酚/纳他霉素的玉米醇溶蛋白膜的制备、性能及其应用

以玉米醇溶蛋白、纳他霉素、丁香酚、甘油、乙醇为原料,采用流延法制备成负载丁香酚/纳他霉素的玉米醇溶蛋白膜,通过单因素实验对成膜工艺进行优化。并将负载丁香酚/纳他霉素的玉米醇溶蛋白膜涂膜于柑橘表面进行保鲜。结果表明:当玉米醇溶蛋白和80%乙醇固液比1∶10(g/mL),纳他霉素含量0.05%,丁香酚含量10ug/0.05%纳他霉素,甘油浓度为玉米醇溶蛋白的20%时,膜的拉伸强度7.6MPa,红外光谱图和差热分析图表明添加物没有改变玉米醇溶蛋白的主要结构且具有良好的相容性。柑橘表面涂膜保鲜实验结果表明,负载丁香酚/纳他霉素的玉米醇溶蛋白膜涂膜处理保鲜显著。     

玉米醇溶蛋白/乳清蛋白纤维核复合纳米粒稳定 Pickering乳液的制备与性质

以玉米醇溶蛋白和乳清蛋白为原料,利用反溶剂共沉淀法制备玉米醇溶蛋白/乳清蛋白纤维核复合纳米粒,并与玉米油高速剪切制备Pickering乳液。探究了复合纳米粒在不同pH下的乳化性,以及复合纳米粒添加量对Pickering乳液粒径、微观形貌、储藏稳定性及流变学特性的影响。结果表明：玉米醇溶蛋白与乳清蛋白纤维核复合后乳化性显著提高,制备的Pickering乳液类型为水包油型;随着复合纳米粒添加量的增加,Pickering乳液粒径先减小后稍增大,添加量大于3 g（100 mL玉米油）后无显著性差异;在复合纳米粒添加量为4 g（100 mL玉米油）时,Pickering乳液油滴大小均一,储藏稳定性最好;Pickering乳液为假塑性流体,随复合纳米粒添加量的增加,表观黏度先减小后增大。     

丁香酚/玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒子膜的制备及表征

采用反溶剂法构建了丁香酚/玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒子体系,并将荷载丁香酚的玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒子制备成纳米粒子膜。以膜的厚度、透光率、机械性能、白度、水蒸气透过系数和透油系数为指标,确定最佳制备工艺条件,并对该条件下制备的产品的抗菌性质进行测定。制得的丁香酚/玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒子粒径在255~390nm,且具有较好分散度。最佳制膜条件为:玉米醇溶蛋白和80%乙醇固液比为1∶10(g/ml)、甘油质量分数为20%、丁香酚质量浓度为20μg/ml。该条件下制备的产品为淡黄色,较薄,无异味,有较好的机械性能,抗菌性较好。     

高速剪切—反相细乳液法制备负载氯沙坦淀粉纳米粒

目的:探究高速剪切—反相细乳液交联法制备负载氯沙坦淀粉纳米粒的可行性。方法:以氯沙坦为模型药物、三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,考察淀粉溶液浓度、三偏磷酸钠添加量、交联时间和剪切速率对淀粉纳米粒粒径和产率的影响规律,并采用光学显微摄像仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪对负载氯沙坦淀粉纳米粒进行表征。结果:纳米粒制备的最佳工艺为淀粉溶液浓度15%,三偏磷酸钠添加量25%,交联时间3 h,剪切速率5 000 r/min,该条件下制得的纳米粒粒度最小为755.2 nm,产率可达69.5%;光学显微摄像显示纳米粒形态圆整,颗粒饱满且均为球形;FTIR显示氯沙坦成功负载于淀粉纳米粒中;XRD显示纳米粒以无定形结构存在。结论:高速剪切耦合反相细乳液交联法可以制备出小粒径的载药淀粉纳米粒。     

叶黄素纳米脂质体的制备工艺优化及其氧化稳定性

以叶黄素晶体为原料,采用乙醇注入法制备叶黄素纳米脂质体。在单因素试验基础上采用响应面试验,优化叶黄素纳米脂质体的制备工艺,得到了叶黄素纳米脂质体的最佳制备工艺条件为:叶黄素用量0.51 mg/m L、卵磷脂与胆固醇(质量比4∶1)用量5.0%、pH 7.4、温度62.9℃。此条件下叶黄素纳米脂质体包封率为(91.20±0.56)%,平均粒径为(226.8±10.62)nm;透射电子显微镜分析显示,所制备的叶黄素纳米脂质体呈球形纳米结构,叶黄素在纳米脂质体内部均匀分布;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除研究结果表明,叶黄素及其纳米脂质体的DPPH自由基清除活性与其质量浓度呈正相关,叶黄素纳米脂质体可有效提高叶黄素的热稳定性和抗氧化性能。     

美拉德反应修饰对负载姜黄素的玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒制备及性质的影响

目的研究玉米醇溶蛋白与D-木糖在65%(V:V)乙醇溶液中的美拉德反应及所得美拉德反应产物在反溶剂沉淀法制备姜黄素纳米颗粒中的应用。方法将玉米醇溶蛋白与D-木糖在乙醇溶中加热,利用所得产物通过反溶剂沉淀法制备姜黄素纳米颗粒,并对纳米颗粒进行表征。结果当D-木糖与玉米醇溶蛋白混合质量比为2:1、反应体系pH值为13.0、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为90 min时,反应体系的A290和A420值最大。利用在该条件下得到的美拉德反应产物通过反溶剂法制备姜黄素纳米颗粒,与未经修饰的玉米醇溶蛋白按照相同方法制备的姜黄素纳米颗粒相比,前者在水中的分散性明显提高,包埋效率和载药量分别显著增加113%和56%,且具有更好的缓释性能和贮藏稳定性。结论美拉德反应修饰的玉米醇溶蛋白在反溶剂沉淀法纳米颗粒的制备中具有广阔的应用前景。     

干燥温度对魔芋葡甘聚糖/纳米玉米醇溶蛋白复合膜微观结构和理化性能的影响

本文以魔芋葡甘聚糖和纳米玉米醇溶蛋白为基材,通过流延方式制备了魔芋葡甘聚糖/纳米玉米醇溶蛋白复合膜,研究了不同干燥温度(30、40、50、60、70、80℃)对复合膜的微观结构、热稳定性、机械、疏水和阻湿性能的影响.研究表明,在40、50、60℃下干燥,魔芋葡甘聚糖与纳米玉米醇溶蛋白的相容性好,纳米玉米醇溶蛋白在复合体...     

玉米醇溶蛋白/阿拉伯胶负载槲皮素纳米颗粒制备

以玉米醇溶蛋白为载体,阿拉伯胶为稳定剂,反溶剂法制备负载槲皮素的玉米醇溶蛋白-阿拉伯胶纳米颗粒。考察阿拉伯胶浓度、槲皮素与玉米醇溶蛋白/阿拉伯胶质量比、p H、盐离子强度等因素对纳米颗粒稳定性的影响。结果表明,阿拉伯胶质量浓度50 g/L,制得粒径201.5 nm,多分散指数0.35,电位-31.5 mV的稳定玉米醇溶蛋白/阿拉伯胶载体;槲皮素/玉米醇溶蛋白-阿拉伯胶质量比1︰10时,粒径、颗粒分散性、ζ-电位均在稳定范围内,且包封率和负载率能达到84.3%和13.96%以上;盐离子浓度高于30 mmol/L时,玉米醇溶蛋白与阿拉伯胶之间的静电作用减弱,纳米颗粒体系不稳定,发生聚集;纳米颗粒能经历广泛pH变化,不发生聚集,大幅提高了包埋对象的生物利用度。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.