我国与国际食品法典委员会（CAC）食品中兽药最大残留限量标准的对比分析

对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中兽药最大残留限量标准的异同。从标准涉及的兽药种类、具体食品种类、残留限量值三个层面逐级对比。结果表明我国标准涉及的兽药种类为217种,CAC标准为57种,二者相同的兽药种类42种;我国标准在残留具体食品动物的种类与数量上与CAC标准基本相同;我国兽药残留限量指标的总数为1035个,远远多于CAC的477个;在可比指标范围内,我国有302个残留限量指标值与CAC相同,26个残留限量指标值严于CAC,仅8个残留限量指标值宽于CAC。因此我国兽药残留限量标准中有98%的可比指标值已达到或超过CAC标准的要求。     

我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中农药最大残留限量标准的对比分新研究

目的:对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中农药最大残留限量标准的异同.方法:从标准涉及的农药种类、残留具体食品种类、残留限量值三个层面逐级对比.结果:我国标准涉及的农药种类为153种,CAC标准为144种,二者相同的农药种类91种;我国标准与CAC标准在残留具体食品的数量上相差巨大,我国仅为88种,CAC则达到232种;我国农药残留限量指标的总数为576个,远远少于CAC的2825个;在可比指标范围内,我国有142个残留限量指标值与CAC相同,72个残留限量指标值严于CAC,仅52个残留限量指标值宽于CAC.结论:我国农药残留限量标准中有80%的可比指标值已达到或超过CAC标准的要求,而CAC农药残留限量标准涉及的食品种类详细且具体,是造成我国标准与CAC标准在具体食品数量和限量指标数量上出现巨大差异的主要原因.     

中国与国际食品法典委员会动物食品兽药残留标准的比对分析

目的 对中国现行的新兽药残留标准与国际食品法典委员会的兽药残留限量指标进行比对,并对结果进行分析。方法 对我国标准与国际食品法典委员会标准中规定的兽药种类、涉及的物种及部位、残留限量进行逐级比对。我国兽药限量相关标准为GB 31650-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》,以及农业农村部公告第250号;国际食品法典委员会标准为CX/MRL 2–2018《食品中兽药残留的最大残留限量和风险管理建议》。结果 在可比指标中,我国与国际食品法典委员会限量相同的指标有316个,占全部可比指标的94.3%;我国比国际食品法典委员会更为严格的兽药残留限量指标有12个,占全部可比指标的3.6%;我国比国际食品法典委员会标准宽松的指标有7个,占可比指标总数的2.1%。结论 我国动物食品中兽药残留标准中,97.9%的可比指标达到或超过国际食品法典委员会标准规定。     

国内外蛋类兽药最大残留限量标准对比分析

对比了我国蛋类兽药最大残留限量与CAC、美国、日本、新加坡、加拿大的异同。从涉及的兽药种类、耙组织分类、残留限量值三个方面进行了对比。结果表明我国蛋类兽药最大残留限量与发达国家相比存在以下差距:涉及兽药种类少;耙组织规定比较单一;一些兽药的限量值不尽合理;风险评估研究不够。并提出了完善我国蛋类兽药残留限量标准的措施和建议。     

国内外乳及乳制品中兽药残留限量标准比较分析

随着乳制品行业的迅速发展,兽药问题越来越受到人们的关注。使用违禁药物或超量、超范围使用兽药都将对人体健康产生严重威胁。为准确了解我国与发达国家乳制品中兽药残留限量标准的差异,本文对中华人民共和国农业部235号公告《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》、欧盟的《Commission Regulation(EU)No37/2010》、日本的《maximum residue limits(MRLS)list of agricultural chemicals in foods》和美国及新西兰发布的兽药残留限量标准最新情况进行搜集整理,建立名录,并对各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限量值进行详细比较分析。发现各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限值存在不同程度的异同和交叉,例如在禁用或不得残留的兽药名录数量上,中国、美国、日本、欧盟、新西兰的数量分别为47、13、18、43、13种,类别有兴奋剂类、激素类、抗生素类等。最后,对我国兽药的使用和残留限量的修订和更新提出建议。     

我国与国际食品法典委员会 (CAC)食品添加剂使用限量标准的对比分析研究

目的:对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品添加剂限量标准的异同.方法:从标准涉及的食品添加剂种类、应用具体食品种类、最大使用量三个层面逐级对比.结果:我国标准涉及的食品添加剂种类为417种(不包含食品用香料),CAC标准为271种,二者相同的食品添加剂种类171种;我国标准与CAC标准在残留具体食品的数量上相差巨大,我国仅为123种,CAC则达到174种;我国食品添加剂使用限量指标的总数为1745个,少于CAC的1991个;在可比指标范围内,我国有317个限量指标值与CAC相同,287个限量指标值严于CAC,仅130个限量指标值宽于CAC.结论:我国对食品添加剂使用范围的要求较CAC严格,且我国食品添加剂使用限量标准中有82%的可比指标值已达到或超过CAC标准的要求.     

我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中真菌毒素限量标准的对比分析研究

目的:对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中真菌毒素限量标准的异同。方法:从标准涉及的真菌毒素种类、具体食品种类、限量值三个层面逐级对比。结果:我国标准涉及的真菌毒素种类为7种,CAC标准为4种,二者相同的真菌毒素种类4种;我国标准涉及的食品种类和具体数量稍多于CAC,有18种具体食品为我国单独规定限量;我国真菌毒素限量指标的总数为39个,远远多于CAC的7个;在可比指标范围内,我国全部11个限量指标值均与CAC相同。结论:我国真菌毒素限量标准中所有可比指标值与CAC标准的要求一致。     

我国与CAC关于食品中亚硝酸盐限量标准的对比分析

对比分析我国国家标准与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)标准中关于食品中亚硝酸盐限量指标的异同,并列举比较了我国与CAC的五个成员地区的亚硝酸盐的限量标准。从标准涉及亚硝酸盐在食品中存在的客观性、具体食品种类和限量值3个层面逐级对比。结果表明,我国标准中共有16个有关亚硝酸盐的限量指标,涉及16种食品种类;其中亚硝酸盐为污染物限量指标的有8个,涉及8种食品种类,而CAC标准没有;亚硝酸盐标准为添加剂限量指标的有8种,涉及8种食品种类,CAC标准为5种,涉及5种食品种类,两者共有的有关亚硝酸盐限量指标涉及的食品种类为3种。我国标准涉及的16种食品种类中,13种为我国独有规定限量的食品,总数远多于CAC标准中涉及的食品总数5种;在可比指标范围内,我国的3个限量指标值都严于CAC,与CAC的一致性程度较高。     

基于兽药残留限量的GB 31650与CAC标准异同分析

动物源农产品是人体摄入蛋白质的主要来源。然而,动物源农产品中兽药残留已逐渐成为消费者关注的食品安全热点问题之一。本研究分别从动物源产品和兽药类别、畜类产品限量值、禽类产品限量值、水产品限量值以及禁用兽药比较了我国最新的兽药残留限量标准GB 31650-2019与CAC标准CX/MRL2-2018。研究表明,我国兽药残留限量标准涉及94种兽药品种及1548个限量值,在数量上已全面超过CAC标准。但在兽药品种方面与CAC标准还存在差异,其中CAC规定限量的4种畜用兽药和3种渔用兽药兽药品种没有列入GB 31650标准清单,因此需要进一步加强该类兽药在我国的使用现状调查与风险评估,推进与国际标准的接轨。研究结果有助于理解我国最新的兽药残留标准与国际标准的差距,推动完善我国动物源性农产品中兽药残留限量标准体系,也可为我国兽药的生产和安全使用提供借鉴。     

我国与南方共同市场动物源性食品中重金属限量标准的对比分析

目的探究我国与南共市动物源性食品重金属限量标准的异同。方法根据GB 2762—2014《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》以及南共市在2013年8月29日第42号合议理事会决议中制定的南方共同市场关于食品中无机污染物最大限量的技术法规,分析2个标准重金属检测项目、涉及动物源性食品种类和主要动物源性食品限量指标的异同。结果我国在动物源性食品重金属检测项目和涉及动物源性食品种类上均比南共市规定的多。在限量指标方面,南共市水产动物及其制品的砷限量、肉及肉制品、水产动物及其制品和蛋及蛋制品中铅限量、畜禽肾脏中的镉限量均比中国规定宽松。结论我国监管部门应对南共市规定较为宽松的检测项目予以关注。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.