基于产酸能力和高活菌数的益生菌复合菌种发酵技术研究

为了提高益生菌发酵乳的活菌数及发酵过程中的产酸能力,本研究以干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌为试验菌种,通过单菌种发酵和复合菌种发酵试验,筛选出最佳的复合菌种组合.试验结果表明:在接种量为5％,接种比例为1∶1,发酵温度为37℃,葡萄糖的添加量为2.5％(质量分数),脱脂乳乳固体质量分数为12％的条件下,干酪乳杆菌和双歧杆菌复合发酵效果最佳,最大滴定酸度可达到328°T,最大活菌数达到2.3×1011 mL-1,与其他菌种组合相比,提高了一个对数级,且在贮藏过程中活菌数下降速度较慢.     

提高嗜酸乳杆菌在豆乳中发酵性能的研究

测定了嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵豆乳的单菌产酸曲线与混菌产酸曲线,并采用正交实验分析了它们对发酵豆乳的品质影响及与单菌发酵豆乳贮存期质量变化的比较。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌是影响酸豆乳质量的主要因素,嗜热链球菌次之。按体积分数为2.2%嗜酸乳杆菌、体积分数为3.0%保加利亚乳杆菌、体积分数为1.8%嗜热链球菌配比共同发酵,可得到组织状态、口感风味较好的酸豆乳,克服了单一嗜酸乳杆菌发酵豆乳产酸慢、凝乳时间长、活菌数不高且贮存期活菌数下降快的缺陷。     

嗜酸乳杆菌应用高质量分数脱脂乳的发酵工艺优化

将筛选出的嗜酸乳杆菌接种于25%的高质量分数脱脂乳中发酵,在单因素pH值、温度以及接种量试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化发酵工艺,获得高浓度的嗜酸乳杆菌活菌。结果表明:高质量分数25%脱脂乳培养基对菌株的生长有一定促进作用,得到高活菌数嗜酸乳杆菌的最佳发酵工艺为发酵pH值为5.81、发酵温度37.30℃、接种量3.18%,活菌数可达2.78×109mL-1。     

发酵型酸豆乳工艺条件的研究

以大豆为主要原料,研究了嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌为混合发酵剂进行乳酸菌发酵酸豆乳的制备工艺.通过单因素和正交实验确定了最佳制备工艺:接种嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌的比例为1∶1∶2,接种量为4％,发酵温度为43℃,蔗糖的添加量为6％,发酵时间4h.在此条件下发酵的酸豆乳活菌数可达2.8×108 mL-1,具有淳厚的豆香味和清香的乳酸味,质地均匀,且酸甜可口.     

番茄汁对嗜酸乳杆菌发酵乳的影响

研究在牛乳中添加番茄汁对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM生长、活菌数和发酵乳风味物质的影响。灭菌的鲜牛乳添加不同质量分数的番茄汁,接种嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM发酵,一组样品用p H值跟踪分析仪检测发酵过程酸奶p H值得变化,当发酵样品p H值到达4.50时,立即取出另一组样品置于4°C冷藏,检测发酵乳样品中嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数,抗氧化活性和挥发性风味物质。结果表明:番茄汁可以刺激嗜酸乳杆菌的生长,在冷藏的过程中,所有添加番茄汁的发酵乳的嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数显著高于牛乳,不仅如此,随着番茄汁质量分数的增加,番茄汁的活菌数越高。番茄汁添加的发酵乳成品的的抗氧化活性均大于纯牛乳样品,且具有更高浓度的风味物质。结论:番茄汁有助于嗜酸乳杆菌的生长同时保持其冷藏阶段的存活率,且能提高发酵乳的抗氧化能力,同时提高了发酵乳的风味物质。     

羊胎水解液乳酸菌发酵菌种的选择

通过研究嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）1.1854；乳酸乳球菌（Lactobacillus）11454；短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）1.12；干酪乳杆菌干酪亚种（Lactobacillus casei)1.62；嗜热链球菌（Lactobacillus Streptococcus thermophilus)1.1855；植物乳杆菌9Lactobacillus plantarum）6种菌种对羊胎水解液菌发酵活力、双菌发酵活力、活菌数及风味的影响，确定了乳酸菌发酵羊水解液的最适菌种组合为嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus)1.1854与嗜热链球菌（Lactobacillus Streptococ-cus thermophilus)1.1855。     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵大豆酸凝乳的研究

本文研究了嗜酸乳杆菌在豆乳中的生长情况,考察了温度、接种量、木瓜汁添加、嗜酸乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌复配比例对发酵的影响,最后根据发酵豆乳的感官指标,确定了嗜酸乳杆菌发酵豆乳的最佳工艺。结果表明,发酵温度为39℃、接种量为6%、木瓜汁添加量为10%、嗜酸乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌配比为1:2是制作木瓜发酵豆乳的最佳工艺条件。产品中嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数达到3.0×109CFU/mL,且产品口感良好。     

分段发酵提高酸乳中活菌总数的研究

为提高酸乳中乳酸菌活菌数量,在测定不同温度下嗜酸乳杆菌生长曲线及保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌1∶1混菌发酵生长曲线的基础上,采用分段发酵的方式,发酵初期按1%接种量接入嗜酸乳杆菌,待发酵进行4h,嗜酸乳杆菌的数量达到107时,再接入保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌,接种量均为1%。发酵结束后,测得最终活菌数可达109,相比3种菌一次性接种发酵,活菌数量提高了1个数量级。     

牛羊乳促嗜酸乳杆菌增菌发酵差异性及冷藏存活率比较研究

益生菌的活菌数量是衡量益生菌产品及制剂的营养价值和保健功能的主要指标之一。本研究以嗜酸乳杆菌为发酵剂分析比较牛乳发酵奶和羊乳发酵奶中嗜酸乳杆菌增菌发酵的活力差异,及在冷藏期活菌数量的变化趋势,探讨了牛羊乳在促进嗜酸乳杆菌发酵方面的差异性及在冷藏期存活率变化规律。结果表明:嗜酸乳杆菌在羊乳基质中表现为较好的增菌发酵效能,总活菌数为1.66×1010CFU/mL,大于牛乳基质中的总活菌数3.02×109CFU/mL;羊乳发酵奶和牛乳发酵奶在21d贮藏期内嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数均维持在较高活力水平,而在21～26d的贮藏期内,其存活性显著降低(p<0.05),存活率分别为84.15%和84.39%。由此说明羊乳基质促嗜酸乳杆菌增菌发酵效能更佳,牛、羊乳发酵奶在贮藏期活菌数变化规律基本一致。     

混料设计法应用于多菌种发酵制备大豆凝胶蛋白

采用保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌及其混合菌对大豆分离蛋白进行发酵,应用流变仪和质构仪等手段进行分析,结果表明混合菌的发酵产酸性能和对大豆分离蛋白体系凝胶性质影响优于单一菌.在单因素试验的基础上,采用混料设计对混合菌发酵大豆分离蛋白制备凝胶的发酵条件和混合菌配比进行优化.最优发酵工艺条件为:大豆分离蛋白质量分数12％,葡萄糖添加量5％,40℃发酵4.8h,4℃冷藏12h.改变混合菌的配比可得到不同性能的大豆分离蛋白凝胶,当保加利亚乳杆菌添加量1.27％、嗜酸乳杆菌添加量0.37％时,可得到凝胶强度为145.98 g的高强度凝胶;当保加利亚乳杆菌添加量0.48％、嗜热链球菌添加量0.99％、嗜酸乳杆菌添加量0.14％,可得到持水率为87.28％的高持水率凝胶.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.