融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL可溶性表达、纯化与其生物活性应用

构建含SUMO、IF2、GST、NusA、MsyB、Trx和MBP融合标签的重组表达载体,转化到大肠杆菌E.coli Transetta (DE3)中进行自诱导(auto-induction,AI)表达,以提高T4 DNA连接酶(T4 DL)的表达产量。通过磁珠法检测融合蛋白的可溶性表达情况,10% SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,重组菌Transetta (DE3)(pNBEVⅡ-T4 DL)诱导表达的可溶性融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL的产量最多,经诱导培养条件优化后,Trx-T4 DL的可溶性大幅度提高,确定了最佳诱导条件为30℃、装瓶量50 mL/250 mL、接种量2‰、pH7。分别用镍柱和MagNi磁珠纯化重组菌破碎后上清中的融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL,结果显示后者纯化效率更高,最终获得的融合蛋白浓度为1700.462 mg/L。与其他公司T4 DL活性进行比较,检测其酶活性约为500 U/μL,并使其成功应用于低背景重组克隆载体构建中,为融合蛋白Trx-T4 DL的生产及应用提供理论基础。     

人胰岛素原基因在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达及分离纯化研究

根据NCBI中的人胰岛素原基因序列及大肠杆菌密码子偏爱性设计特异引物,PCR扩增得到人胰岛素原基因,构建该基因的原核表达质粒p ET32-PI,重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。对重组菌进行温度和IPTG浓度优化,发现重组菌在30℃和终浓度为0.6 mmol/L的IPTG条件下表达效果最好且没有包涵体,经SDS-PAGE和Westem blot检测,表达蛋白的相对分子质量与理论相对分子质量一致且具有胰岛素的免疫原性,证明胰岛素原基因得到了正确表达。对重组菌进行流加发酵,发酵液离心收集菌体,破菌后上清液过亲和层析柱和离子交换柱分离纯化目的蛋白,透析后的样品用肠激酶和羧肽酶酶切,利用亲和柱去除融合蛋白与His标签,最终分离胰岛素样品,利用免疫酶标法,l m L样品测得活性92μIU,证明实验所得样品具有人胰岛素活性。     

抗肿瘤19肽在大肠杆菌中的融合表达与纯化

将重组载体pet32a-19肽转化到表达宿主菌大肠杆菌中,对其进行摇瓶发酵实验来优化重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中的诱导表达条件。通过Ni Sepharose 6 Fast Flow对重组蛋白进行纯化,用梯度透析的方法进行复性。结果表明:筛选出了pET32a-19肽-BL21(DE3)高效表达菌株,在发酵条件为培养基的pH7.0、接种量3%、IPTG浓度0.1mmol/L、IPTG添加时间OD600为0.7、诱导温度41℃和诱导时间5h时蛋白表达量最高,为54.57mg/L,得到纯度为95%以上的融合抗肿瘤19肽,并成功复性出融合蛋白。     

硫氧还蛋白促进人胰岛素样生长因子-1在大肠杆菌中高效可溶表达

为实现人胰岛素样生长因子-1(Insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)在大肠杆菌中的高效可溶表达,获得大量具生物活性的IGF-1。应用融合PCR技术构建trx-igf1融合基因,克隆至p ET30a载体。重组载体pET30a-Trx-IGF-1转化大肠杆菌C43(DE3),并进行条件优化大量表达可溶性蛋白Trx-IGF-1。利用His标签纯化表达产物,对纯化蛋白进行Western blot与生物活性分析。构建的pET30a-Trx-IGF-1重组载体转化大肠杆菌C43(DE3)后,在30℃培养条件下1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达5 h,获得大量以可溶形式表达的融合蛋白Trx-IGF-1;采用Ni离子亲和层析,获得纯度达90%以上的融合蛋白,经Western blot检测具有IGF-1抗原活性。生物学活性检测显示,融合蛋白Trx-IGF-1能明显促进NIH3T3细胞增殖及细胞周期进展。本研究应用的载体蛋白Trx,能实现在大肠杆菌中高效可溶表达具生物活性的IGF-1,为包涵体蛋白在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达提供借鉴。     

李斯特菌噬菌体裂解酶CBD蛋白的克隆与表达

单核细胞增生李斯特菌噬菌体的裂解酶中细胞壁结合结构域(CBD)能够特异识别李斯特菌细胞。本研究将CBDP40基因扩增后插入p ET32a(+)载体,导入大肠杆菌表达系统,获得重组菌株,并对其进行IPTG诱导表达,分析重组蛋白的活性。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)表明,经0.1 mmol/L IPTG诱导的重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)在38 ku处有明显诱导条带,与预期蛋白分子量相符。经过超声细胞破碎,重组蛋白CBDP40分布在上清液中,通过镍离子螯合亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,洗脱后的蛋白浓度为0.908 mg/m L。经菌体结合和间接ELISA验证,重组蛋白CBDP40具有生物学活性,即对李斯特菌具有识别功能。CBD蛋白的重组表达、纯化及其活性验证,为深入研究裂解酶的理化性质和作用机制奠定了基础。     

双亚基丹酚酸酯酶基因的表达载体构建及其生物转化

为了实现丹酚酸酯酶的外源性表达,利用了大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母两种表达系统,原核大肠杆菌采用p ET 28a和p ET 32a构建表达载体,并对重组大肠杆菌进行分别诱导表达和共表达;真核毕赤酵母采用p PIC9K构建共表达载体,对重组毕赤酵母进行诱导表达。研究结果表明,两种体系均能诱导表达出丹酚酸酯酶,蛋白在大肠杆菌系统中得到了高效表达,但未显示出该酶活力。毕赤酵母系统可使蛋白分泌性表达,表达产物具有一定的丹酚酸酯酶活力,但表达量不高。说明大肠杆菌系统体系更为适合大量表达丹酚酸酯酶,由此提供了一种该酶的外源表达方法。     

小鼠核糖核酸酶抑制剂异源高效可溶性表达、纯化及活性研究

为获得高效可溶性表达的小鼠核糖核酸酶抑制剂(MRNI),本文通过构建含SUMO、IF2、GST、NusA、MsyB、Trx和 MBP融合标签的重组表达载体,以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)作为宿主菌进行自诱导(auto-induction,AI)表达,利用MagNi磁珠检测及电泳分析MRNI的表达状况,并对其培养温度及时间进行优化,同时,与其他公司核糖核酸酶抑制剂(RI)活性进行对比。结果表明,重组菌BL21(DE3)(pNBEⅡ-MRNI)诱导表达的可溶性融合蛋白IF2-MRNI的产量最高,最适诱导条件为37 ℃,诱导培养6 h,20 ℃培养24 h。磁珠纯化后获得的融合蛋白IF2-MRNI浓度为3621.3 mg/L,检测其酶活性约为40 U/μL。该酶具有抑制RNase A活性,防止RNA被降解的作用,为RI的生产及应用提供理论基础。     

应用不同载体探索环二肽合成酶AlbC的高效可溶性表达

AlbC是一种环二肽合成酶，可用于合成具有抗菌性和抗肿瘤性的环二肽及后续衍生物。近年来，AlbC的产物在白酒及其副产物黄水中被相继检出，对赋予白酒健康功能起着至关重要的作用。为实现albC基因的高效可溶性表达，本研究以实验室保藏的枯草芽孢杆菌Y1为模板克隆出albC基因，构建了pQE30-albC,pET28a-albC,pET28a-SUMO-albC,pGEX-6P-1-albC 4个重组质粒，并探究了不同诱导温度下每个重组质粒的诱导表达情况。结果表明：（1）pQE30-albC不表达或者表达量低；pET28a-albC正确表达，但表达量和可溶性表达量都较低，纯化后融合蛋白浓度为1.0 mg/L;pET28aSUMO-albC正确表达，且实现可溶性表达，纯化后融合蛋白浓度为30 mg/L，切除SUMO标签蛋白后浓度为22 mg/L;pGEX-6P-1-albC正确表达，且实现可溶性表达，纯化后融合蛋白浓度为44 mg/L，切除GST标签蛋白后浓度为34 mg/L;(2)拥有GST促溶标签的pGEX-6P-1载体是4组载体中达到albC基因可溶性表达水平最高的载体；（3）在4种载体中...     

重组融合蛋白MBP-PAI的表达、纯化及酶活测定

为了解决亚油酸异构酶(Linoleic Acid Isomerase,PAI)在大肠杆菌中形成包涵体的问题,选择麦芽糖结合蛋白(Maltose-Binding Protein,MBP)标签和低温诱导表达系统pColdV,构建了大肠杆菌重组表达菌株E.coli BL21(pCold-Mpai),并对其诱导表达条件进行了优化。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,融合蛋白MBP-PAI成功表达,重组菌的最佳诱导表达条件为:诱导温度15℃、IPTG添加量0.1 mmol/L、诱导时间12 h,在该诱导条件下,与未融合MBP的PAI相比,MBP-PAI的可溶性表达量为后者的18倍、酶活为后者的1.5倍。经过MBPTrap HP亲和层析柱纯化后,MBP-PAI纯蛋白质的比酶活为1.58 U/mg,能够转化亚油酸形成反10,顺12-共轭亚油酸。     

杨氏柠檬酸杆菌磷脂酶A1基因在E.coli中的表达

为实现磷脂酶A1(PLA1)的异源表达,将杨氏柠檬酸杆菌(CICC No.21596)PLA1基因插入载体p ET28a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒p ET28a(+)-pla1,并将重组质粒转入宿主菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中,获得重组菌p ET28a(+)-pla1/DE3。在IPTG诱导作用下经SDS-PAGE检测,发现在重组菌发酵破碎上清液中存在33 000大小的蛋白质,与预期蛋白质大小相符。在硼砂卵黄平板上对重组菌PLA1活性进行检测,结果显示重组菌具有明显的PLA1活性,表明PLA1基因在大肠杆菌中得到了表达。经发酵初步优化,获得摇瓶发酵的最佳诱导表达条件为:转接体积分数4%、诱导时机2 h、IPTG终浓度为0.4 mmol/L、37℃诱导培养8 h。经酸碱滴定法测得最高酶活为(5.6±0.2)U/m L。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.