番石榴叶多糖超声波细胞粉碎辅助提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性

以番石榴叶为原料,采用超声波细胞粉碎法辅助提取番石榴叶多糖,探讨各因素对番石榴叶多糖得率的影响,通过Box-Behnken响应面法设计优化番石榴叶多糖的最佳提取工艺。通过测定·OH、DPPH自由基、O2-·的清除能力和总还原力,评价番石榴叶多糖体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,番石榴叶多糖的最佳提取工艺：料液比1∶14（g/mL）,超声功率140 W,提取时间16 min,此条件下番石榴叶多糖得率可达（2.00±0.08）%。提取后的番石榴叶多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化活性,其·OH清除率为（23.30±1.29）%,DPPH自由基清除率为（65.43±2.56）%,O2-·清除率为（22.30±1.53）%,具有较强的总还原力。     

响应面优化南酸枣叶多糖的提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

结合响应面分析法对南酸枣叶多糖的热水浸提法提取工艺进行优化,并考察南酸枣叶多糖的总抗氧化活性及其对·OH和DPPH·的清除能力。结果显示,南酸枣叶多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为温度86℃;液料比110∶1（mL/g）;提取时间3.90 h。在该工艺条件下,南酸枣叶多糖得率为4.41%。抗氧化试验结果表明,南酸枣叶多糖具有一定的总抗氧化性,对DPPH·和·OH的IC50值分别是0.57 mg/mL和0.39 mg/mL。     

响应面法优化虎斑乌贼内脏多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性、吸湿保湿性能研究

本文以虎斑乌贼内脏为原料,采用Box-Benhken设计优化盐法提取多糖工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性和吸湿-保湿性能进行研究。结果表明:虎斑乌贼内脏多糖盐法提取最佳工艺条件为:NaCl浓度2.9%,料液比1:30 (g/mL),提取时间1.8 h,提取温度 80 ℃,在此条件下多糖得率为1.08%。红外光谱分析表明该多糖结构含有α-型糖苷键连接的吡喃型葡聚糖。抗氧化活性显示该多糖具有一定的还原能力,对羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)和2,2'-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐自由基(ABTS+·)均具有一定的清除效果,清除率与多糖浓度呈正相关。尤其是对ABTS自由基清除效果最佳,当多糖浓度为1.0 mg/mL时清除率可达到80%。吸湿保湿结果显示,该多糖的吸湿保湿性能优于常规的保湿剂壳聚糖和聚乙二醇6000。上述结果表明,盐提得到的虎斑乌贼内脏多糖具有天然抗氧化活性和吸湿保湿性能,在功能性食品、药品和化妆品领域具有一定的应用潜力。     

响应面法优化金蝉花多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性分析

通过考察液料比、浸提时间及浸提温度对金蝉花多糖含量的影响,在单因素试验基础上进行响应面优化提取工艺条件,并通过测定金蝉花多糖总还原力、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基（·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（O2－·）的能力研究其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,金蝉花多糖适宜的提取工艺参数为浸提时间130min、浸提温度80℃、液料比50∶1（mL/g）,在此条件下金蝉花多糖含量实际值为26.14mg/g。金蝉花多糖具有较好的抗氧化能力,其清除DPPH自由基、·OH、O2－·的半抑制质量浓度（IC50）分别为28.99μg/mL、0.19mg/mL和0.30mg/mL。     

响应面优化紫果西番莲叶多酚超声辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

以紫果西番莲叶为对象，研究其多酚提取工艺及抗氧化活性。在单因素实验基础上采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化紫果西番莲叶多酚的提取工艺，考察液料比、提取时间、超声功率和超声温度对其多酚提取量的影响，以清除DPPH自由基和·OH能力评价紫果西番莲叶多酚的抗氧化活性。结果表明，最佳提取条件为:液料比36:1 mL/g、提取时间54 min、超声功率350 W和超声温度70℃，此时紫果西番莲叶中多酚提取量为（13.19±0.17） mg/g。抗氧化活性结果表明，紫果西番莲叶多酚具有较好的抗氧化活性，其清除DPPH自由基和·OH的半抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为0.058和0.144 mg/mL。     

血红铆钉菇多糖超声微波联合提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

本文主要研究超声微波联合提取法提取血红铆钉菇最佳工艺条件及其抗氧化活性。通过单因素结合响应面试验,以多糖得率为衡量指标,确定超声微波联合提取法提取血红铆钉菇多糖的最佳工艺条件,并与传统水提法和超声提取法所得多糖的抗氧化活性进行比较分析,从而探究3种提取方法对多糖提取效果的影响。结果表明:超声微波联合提取法提取血红铆钉菇多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:超声时间8 min、微波时间6 min、微波温度92 ℃、液料比29:1 mL/g,得率为8.69%±0.19%,与传统水提法相比,得率提高12.89%,时间缩短88.33%;与超声提取法相比,得率提高8.63%,时间缩短30.00%;不同提取方法对·OH、DPPH·、ABTS+·、O₂-·清除能力以及总还原力具有显著影响(P<0.05),3种提取方法所得多糖体外抗氧化活性由强至弱依次为:超声微波联合提取法>超声提取法>传统水提法。因此,采用超声微波联合提取法可明显提高血红铆钉菇多糖的抗氧化活性。     

鸡骨草多糖的酶法提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的:研究纤维素酶提取鸡骨草有效成分多糖的最佳条件,并探讨其体外抗氧化活性。方法:以鸡骨草多糖得率为响应值,在单因素实验基础上,以液料比、酶解时间、酶添加量、酶解温度为自变量,采用响应面法建立数学模型,筛选最佳提取工艺条件,并采用DPPH·和·OH清除能力体系评价鸡骨草多糖体外抗氧化活性。结果:最佳提取条件为:液料比13:1 mL/g,纤维素酶酶解时间60 min,酶添加量12.8 mg/mL,酶解温度50 ℃,pH5.0,在此条件下鸡骨草多糖得率为8.15%,与理论值8.34%相对误差小于5%。酶添加量对多糖得率影响最大,液料比、酶解时间次之,酶解温度影响最小。鸡骨草多糖对DPPH·和·OH清除的半数抑制浓度IC₅₀分别为1.591、1.926 mg/mL,与维生素C比较,抗氧化活性较弱。结论:鸡骨草多糖纤维素酶酶法提取工艺方便可行,酶解得到的多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。     

超声破碎辅助提取灵芝多糖工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

对超声破碎辅助提取灵芝多糖工艺进行优化,比较灵芝多糖的抗氧化活性,体外筛选最优抗氧化活性部位。在单因素试验的基础上,考察液料比、超声时间、超声功率对灵芝多糖提取得率的影响,采用Box-Behnken中心组合方法进行响应面优化试验,采用乙醇分级沉淀法得灵芝多糖GLP40、GLP60、GLP80,比较对DPPH·清除活性,羟自由基(·OH)的清除活性和还原力大小,分析体外抗氧化活性。结果表明响应面优化试验所得最佳提取条件为液料比25∶1(mL/g)、超声时间60 min、超声功率760 W,灵芝多糖的提取得率为3.60%,所得GLP40、GLP60、GLP80多糖比例为45∶29∶26,具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中GLP80清除DPPH自由基的能力最强,GLP40清除羟自由基能力最强,GLP60还原力最强。     

虫草花多糖提取工艺优化及其抗氧化特性

采用超声辅助法提取虫草花多糖,在单因素试验的基础上,通过L9（34）正交试验优化了虫草花多糖提取工艺;并就虫草花多糖对羟基自由基（·OH）、1,1-苯基-2-苦肼基（DPPH）自由基的清除作用和还原能力进行研究。结果表明：虫草花多糖最佳提取工艺条件为超声功率300 W,液料比30∶1（mL∶g）,超声时间30 min,超声温度45 ℃。在此优化条件下,多糖的平均提取率为3.88%。抗氧化活性试验结果表明,虫草花多糖质量浓度在2.9～14.7 mg/L范围内,随着虫草花多糖质量浓度的增加,其OH、DPPH自由基清除能力及还原能力均逐渐增强,虫草花多糖质量浓度为14.7 mg/L时,对·OH和DPPH·清除率分别达到44.39%和56.34%,说明虫草花多糖具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

超声波辅助提取光皮木瓜多糖及其体外抗氧化性研究

通过单因素以及正交试验研究超声波辅助提取光皮木瓜多糖的最佳工艺及其体外抗氧化性。结果表明：超声波辅助提取光皮木瓜多糖的最佳提取条件为料液比1:45(g/mL)、提取温度80℃、提取时间40min,超声波功率600W,在此条件下多糖的提取率为12.072%。光皮木瓜多糖对NO2、DPPH·以及·OH 清除作用明显,具有较好的还原力,表明光皮木瓜多糖有较好的抗氧化活性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.