浅谈我国浓海水化学资源的综合利用

海水淡化是解决淡水紧缺的有效途径之一,但海水淡化在获得淡水的同时,需要排出大量的浓海水,浓海水大量直接排放,不可避免地会带来海洋生态环境问题.本文结合我国(尤其是渤海湾)发展海水淡化的实际情况,探讨了几种浓海水化学资源综合利用方案;提出了适合海水淡化事业发展和经济环保的浓海水综合利用工艺.并强调了在进行浓海水综合利用、实现零排放的同时,要改变海洋化工企业的生产结构,提高产品的精细化程度和附加值,只有做到社会效益和经济效益双丰收,才能真正实现海水淡化事业的大发展.     

海水淡化浓海水“兑卤法”蒸发制盐工艺研究

依据同离子效应原理,取高浓度的卤水（苦卤）和盐浆回到兑卤工序参与浓海水兑卤,浓海水中绝大部分硫酸钙以固相形式析出与浓海水分离,浓海水在继续蒸发浓缩时不生成钙垢,达到了浓海水工厂化制盐的目的,为海水淡化工厂副产浓海水的综合利用提供了有效途径。     

海水淡化浓海水零排放技术研究

海水淡化产业发展"十二五"规划提出日产220万m3淡化海水的目标,并推荐科学处理浓海水,在条件具备的地区优先考虑实施浓海水综合利用以达到零排放目的。浓海水综合利用不仅可以保护环境,而且可以回收资源,如淡水、盐、溴、氯化钾、泻利盐以及水氯镁石等。与海水制盐相比,浓海水综合利用能够大幅降低投资和能源消耗。文章详细介绍了浓海水零排放技术,并对目前浓海水零排放技术优缺点进行了分析,并提出了新的技术路线,真正实现工业化海水淡化浓海水零排放。     

海水淡化后浓海水工厂化制盐浅析

文章介绍了海水淡化和海盐生产的基本工艺,分析了海水淡化后浓海水制盐的几种方法,指出浓海水滩晒制盐是现阶段解决浓海水排放难题的一条有效途径.利用浓海水为原料进行滩晒制盐,尤其是利用二次反渗透法排出的高浓度海水,对制盐企业的技术进步具有一定的积极作用,同时也具有较好的经济和社会效益.     

海水淡化浓海水综合利用过程对盐藻生长的影响

研究了海水淡化浓海水综合利用过程对盐藻生长及活性物质积累的影响.文章测定了海水淡化浓海水综合利用过程中水样的pH值、盐度、含氮量、Ca、Mg、Fe和P含量.比较不同综合利用过程中盐藻生长状况,测定盐藻的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素.结果表明,与天然海水相比,海水淡化浓海水综合利用过程对盐藻生长具有一定的促进作用,而...     

关于我国海水(含卤水)镁砂的研究与开发

文章论证了我国海水和卤水镁砂的研究与开发。详述了海水与卤水镁砂的特点。特别是讨论了海水与卤水镁砂之间的区别。而且,提出了我国海水与卤水镁砂发展意见。它将对苦卤化学资源综合利用与海水和卤水镁砂的发展产生重要的影响。     

染色对海水珍珠结构和光泽的影响

为了研究染色对海水珍珠结构和表面光泽的影响以及染料的主要渗透途径与结合部位,通过对比染色实验、扫描电子显微镜和宝石显微镜,对染色前、后的海水珍珠样品表面和内部特征进行了观察与分析,采用显微分光光度-偏光显微镜测量染色前、后海水珍珠样品的表面反射率变化以及运用红外光谱测定染色前、后海水珍珠样品的成分。结果表明,在染色过程中,染料是通过海水珍珠珠孔处珠核和珍珠层间的有机质空隙以及漂白造成海水珍珠表面有机质疏松结构而渗透到珍珠的内部,主要与海水珍珠内的有机成分作用而使其着色。染色后海水珍珠样品的砖墙型层状结构未改变;染料对海水珍珠表面的有机质疏松结构具有填充作用,增强了其表面的镜面效应,使光泽度增强。     

蒸馏/反渗透海水淡化及其耦合工艺研究

海水淡化是解决淡水危机的重要途径,新工艺、新型膜材料及新能源的利用,有望进一步降低海水淡化成本.介绍了多效蒸发、多级闪蒸、压气蒸馏、反渗透等海水淡化工艺以及基于膜技术的海水淡化集成工艺的最新进展,分析了利用风能、太阳能、核能和化学热能等可替代能源进行海水淡化的可能性,在此基础上,提出了海水淡化未来的发展方向.     

聚硅酸聚合氯化铁的海水絮凝条件研究

海水淡化作为一种新的水源,正显示出独特的优势和良好的前景.文章使用自制的聚硅酸聚合氯化铁絮凝剂,对海水进行预处理,研究了海水絮凝条件.实验结果表明,每100ml的海水中加入0.1ml的聚硅酸聚合氯化铁絮凝剂,海水温度23℃～33℃,pH值3～10,快搅(250r/min)1min,慢搅(75r/min)16min,海水除浊率达95%以上,海水预处理效果较佳.     

可再生能源用于海水淡化的研究

近几年,我国可再生能源的开发和利用发展迅速,尤其是海水淡化领域,将太阳能、风能等可再生能源与海水淡化技术相结合,不仅能节约宝贵的不可再生能源,更为海水淡化产业的推广提供了更好的前景。文章详细阐述了太阳能和风能可再生能源的海水淡化技术,并以某可再生能源海水淡化项目为例,对海水淡化技术的工艺进行比较,望为同类项目提供参考。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status