螺蛳粉风味物质的研究进展

柳州螺蛳粉是一种集鲜、辣、酸、“臭”于一身的柳州地方性特色美食。品质不稳定、标准不统一等问题随着预包装螺蛳粉的快速发展开始出现。柳州螺蛳粉的品质及独特风味与其原辅料的风味物质息息相关，对于螺蛳粉风味物质的检测与分析是衡量螺蛳粉品质的关键因素之一。从柳州螺蛳粉的螺蛳、酸笋、辣椒油等原辅料的风味物质特征出发，根据螺蛳粉的研究和风味物质检测的有关技术对柳州螺蛳粉风味物质的来源进行综述，阐述了螺蛳粉原辅料风味物质对螺蛳粉的影响、风味物质常用的检测技术在柳州螺蛳粉风味物质分析中的发展前景、原辅料的关键性风味物质、柳州螺蛳粉风味物质研究方面的不足，提出了柳州螺蛳粉风味物质未来研究方向，以期为其工艺改进、标准化制定、新产品开发提供理论支持。     

碳水化合物与风味物质相互作用及其对风味释放的影响

碳水化合物广泛存在于天然食品中,具有生物相容性、适应性和可降解性,被大量应用于食品工业中,对食品风味的保留和释放具有重要影响。碳水化合物主要包括单糖、双糖、寡糖和多糖,不同种类碳水化合物与风味物质的相互作用机理不同。单糖和双糖主要通过与水分子作用而影响风味物质的分散性;多糖主要通过改变食品质构而影响风味物质的扩散,或者通过多种作用力与风味物质分子结合来影响风味物质的保留和释放。本文简述了影响风味与碳水化合物的相互作用机制,包括扩散、凝胶锁定效应、微区俘获和分子相互作用等,概述了风味物质性质、碳水化合物对风味物质的释放的影响,介绍了碳水化合物-风味物质相互作用的相关研究,总结了风味物质在多糖基质中保留与释放的影响因素,并对未来碳水化合物-风味物质相互作用的应用趋势作出展望。     

基于ROAV法分析木瓜蛋白酶对马肉挥发性风味物质的影响

为探究木瓜蛋白酶对马肉挥发性风味物质的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相质谱联用（GC-MS）法对马肉的挥发性风味物质进行鉴定,通过计算风味物质的相对气味活度值（ROAV）确定其关键风味成分。结果表明,空白组检出30种风味物质,木瓜蛋白酶处理组检出25种风味物质,表明马肉经过木瓜蛋白酶处理后,挥发性风味物质种类减少,但是醛类风味物质的相对含量（68.56%）明显提高。空白组和木瓜蛋白酶处理组的共有关键性风味物质种类的差异不大,醛类物质是马肉典型的风味物质,辛醛、壬醛、癸醛和戊醛对马肉的风味均有较大贡献,3-甲基丁醛对木瓜蛋白酶处理组的风味贡献很大,ROAV为93.03。     

蛋白-风味物质相互作用的研究进展

蛋白质自身风味较弱,与风味物质结合后可显著改善食品风味。风味物质类型、食品蛋白质的结构及其结合位点等决定着蛋白质和食品风味物质之间的相互作用程度。本文对蛋白质-风味物质结合的主要研究结果进行综述,介绍了易结合风味物质的常见蛋白质类型,论述了p H值、温度、盐等因素对食品蛋白质构象及其与风味物质结合作用的影响。此外,本文列举了几个相关的精选例子,关于在真正食物系统中蛋白质-风味物质的结合对风味成分释放和感知的影响。     

啤酒中的风味物质及其对产品质量的影响

风味物质是啤酒发酵过程中产生的副产物,风味物质的好坏直接影响到啤酒的品质问题。从啤酒中的风味物质成分、影响风味物质的组要因素及如何保持和改善啤酒风味物质所采取的措施三个方面进行了论述。     

臭豆腐挥发性风味物质的研究进展

挥发性风味物质是臭豆腐的主要风味物质,是臭豆腐重要的质量参数。本文对臭豆腐中挥发性物质的形成过程、风味物质成分的萃取方法、鉴定方法、形成风味物质的影响因素等方面进行了综述,并指出臭豆腐风味物质的研究趋势。     

肉制品中蛋白质、脂质及其相互作用吸附挥发性风味物质机理研究进展

挥发性风味物质影响肉制品品质优劣,蛋白质与脂质是吸附肉制品挥发性风味物质的重要基质。在肉制品加工过程中,蛋白质与脂质发生结构变化及相互作用,影响风味吸附程度。本文综述蛋白质、脂质及其复合物吸附挥发性风味物质的分子机理,阐述流变学物理保留、蛋白质-脂质化学作用协同吸附挥发性风味物质机制,并从内源风味物质特性与外源环境因素角度阐明风味物质调控规律,以期为肉制品风味调控提供理论参考。     

pH对阿拉伯糖-半胱氨酸模型体系挥发性风味物质形成的影响

利用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用的方法,分析和比较了不同pH对阿拉伯糖/半胱氨酸模型体系挥发性风味物质形成的影响。研究结果表明,中性、弱酸性条件有利于挥发性风味物质的形成。pH5时挥发性风味物质的总量最大且各类挥发性风味物质较丰富;pH7时虽然挥发性风味物质的总量较低但各类挥发性风味物质最丰富;强酸性条件不利于挥发性风味物质的产生;碱性条件虽有利于含氮、硫、氧等的杂环化合物的形成,但挥发性风味物质总量低,pH9时苯系物生成量较多。     

白酒中风味物质分析研究进展

白酒是我国传统而又独具特色的蒸馏酒,也是世界六大蒸馏酒之一。白酒中含有多种风味化合物,包括酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、酸类、萜烯类、含硫化合物等,这些风味物质虽然含量很低,但风味物质的组成及含量对白酒口感和香味的贡献很大,是形成不同酒类风格的重要因素。该文主要对近年来白酒中风味物质种类、风味物质分析前处理技术、风味物质测定方法及功能性风味成分相关研究进行了综述,以期为白酒中风味物质分析与鉴定提供一定的参考。     

蕈菌挥发性风味物质研究进展

蕈菌中挥发性风味物质的研究在国外已有许多系统和深入的研究,而我国对蕈菌中挥发性风味物质的研究还处在起步阶段。对蕈菌中的风味物质、液体深层发酵过程中蕈菌挥发性风味物质的形成、蕈菌中挥发性风味物质的形成机理进行了综述。     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE QUALITY OF MUSCLE FOODS

Heating/cooking alters a food's flavor precursors yielding a product with a new pleasing taste. While heating to a high temperature destroys most pathogens thereby enhancing safety, it also alters the food's flavor by changing the precursors and final flavor components of the food. For example, heating meat to above 77C not only destroys many foodborne pathogens but also causes major changes in level of desirable flavor precursors. Many of these changes are due to alteration in activity of endogenous hydrolytic enzymes as well as heatinduced structural and functional changes. Heating induces differential production and distribution of flavor principles and flavor precursors. A secondary effect of temperature on food-flavor is its direct affect on analysis of flavor volatiles, i.e., high purge temperatures bias analysis of flavor components by production of new and destruction of existing components. This paper focuses on the structure/function relationship of meat proteins and their proteolytic products as they relate to meat flavor and end-point cooking temperature. The paper also will address the effect of analytical temperature on meat flavor analysis.     

Influence of Storage Time and Temperature on Absorption of Flavor Compounds from Solutions by Plastic Packaging Materials

ABSTRACT: Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), oriented polypropylene (OPP), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET film and PET bottle), and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) were stored in a model solution containing 10 flavor compounds at 4, 20, and 40 °C and flavor absorption by the plastic materials was followed in time. The absorption rate and/or total amount absorbed increased considerably with temperature from 4 to 40 °C. Depending on storage temperature, total flavor absorption by the polyolefins (LLDPE and OPP) was 3 to 2400 times higher than by the polyesters (PC, PET, and PEN). Therefore, in the factor of flavor absorption, polyesters are preferred over polyolefins as packaging material.     

Interactions between flavor compounds and food ingredients and their influence on flavor perception

Interactions between flavor compounds and food ingredients are reviewed and their influence on flavor perception is discussed. Proteins are known to bind flavor compounds. For β-lactoglobulin, the most-studied example, hydrophobic interactions with volatiles are described. The effect of the medium on the conformation of the protein and its ability to bind flavor compounds is discussed. In general, the retention of volatiles by protein is much lower than that by fat. In emulsions, however, the presence of protein at the oil/water interface induces a significant effect on flavor release and flavor perception of hydrophobic flavor compounds. For starch, an extensively studied hydrocolloid, amylose has been shown to form complexes with aroma compounds. The physical state of carbohydrates is one parameter influencing flavor retention. However, the major effect of hydrocolloids seems to be a limitation for the diffusion of aroma compounds due to changes in viscosity. Addition of fat induces significant retention of hydrophobic flavor compounds resulting in noticeable effects on flavor perception. Changing the fat content modifies the overall perception of a mixture of flavor compounds from different chemical classes. The melting point of the fats influences the solubility of aromas and thus the flavor release. Emulsification and droplet size also affect flavor release and perception. More research is required on the effects of real food samples containing mixtures of different flavor compounds.     

The Impact of Iron on the Bleaching Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide in Liquid Whey Systems

Whey is a value‐added product that is utilized in many food and beverage applications for its nutritional and functional properties. Whey and whey products are generally utilized in dried ingredient applications. One of the primary sources of whey is from colored Cheddar cheese manufacture that contains the pigment annatto resulting in a characteristic yellow colored Cheddar cheese. The colorant is also present in the liquid cheese whey and must be bleached so that it can be used in ingredient applications without imparting a color. Hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide are 2 commercially approved chemical bleaching agents for liquid whey. Concerns regarding bleaching efficacy, off‐flavor development, and functionality changes have been previously reported for whey bleached with hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide. It is very important for the dairy industry to understand how bleaching can impact flavor and functionality of dried ingredients. Currently, the precise mechanisms of off‐flavor development and functionality changes are not entirely understood. Iron reactions in a bleached liquid whey system may play a key role. Reactions between iron and hydrogen peroxide have been widely studied since the reaction between these 2 relatively stable species can cause great destruction in biological and chemical systems. The actual mechanism of the reaction of iron with hydrogen peroxide has been a controversy in the chemistry and biological community. The precise mechanism for a given reaction can vary greatly based upon the concentration of reactants, temperature, pH, and addition of biological material. In this review, some hypotheses for the mechanisms of iron reactions that may occur in fluid whey that may impact bleaching efficacy, off‐flavor development, and changes in functionality are presented. Practical Application: Cheese whey is bleached to remove residual carotenoid cheese colorant. Concerns regarding bleaching efficacy, off‐flavor development, and functionality changes have been reported for whey proteins bleached with hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide. It is very important for the dairy industry to understand how whey bleaching can impact flavor and functionality of dried ingredients. Proposed mechanisms of off‐flavor development and functionality changes are discussed in this hypothesis paper.     

脂肪相关酶类在干腌肉制品风味形成过程中的作用

风味是消费者选择食品的主要依据之一。风味的形成是个复杂的生化反应过程,对其的研究至今依旧还未完全明晰。干腌肉制品由于其具有独特的风味而受到消费者的广泛欢迎,经过复杂的加工过程形成了其特征性风味物质,其中较大部分是由脂类水解、氧化而来,随之还会通过美拉德等反应形成各种风味物质。脂类物质是风味物质形成的前体物质,脂质的酶控反应是干腌肉制品风味物质产生的决定性因素。本文对国内外各类干腌肉制品中脂肪水解酶、磷脂酶和脂肪氧合酶在加工过程中的活性变化及其在干腌肉制品中的作用进行了归纳;概述了这几类酶对不同种类风味物质及产品感官品质的影响;综述了加工因素介导这些酶类对风味物质形成的调控作用。为科学认识干腌肉制品风味物质的形成机理、传统工艺改进和参数优化提供参考。     

Changes in the components of dry-fermented sausages during ripening.

Several chemical changes occur during the ripening of dry-fermented sausages that determine the flavor and odor of the end product. The phenomena that take place during fermentation, that is, both acidification of the sugars by lactic acid bacteria and reduction of nitrates and nitrites to nitric oxide by micrococci have been known for several years. However, the chemical changes involved in this process, and, particularly, the agents responsible have not yet been established, although they have been attributed to changes in the majority components (proteins and lipids) and to the ingredients added (spices and condiments) in the preparation of the original mixture. The typical flavor and odor of dry-fermented sausages cannot be attributed to volatile substances alone, but to a large number of volatile and nonvolatile compounds present in the product in suitable proportions. Microbial growth in the sausage together with activity of the meat endogenous enzymes are undoubtedly partially responsible for the development of a number of aromatic and sapid compounds. However, lipid autooxidation reactions are also an important source of these substances, and it is not yet known which of these processes is more important in sausage ripening. Much research has focused on the break up of triglycerides into free fatty acids, diglycerides, and monoglycerides during ripening and the progressive increase in the amounts of different carbonyl oxidation products. Carbonyl compounds probably play a significant role in determining the flavor because, in general, these have very low perception thresholds, in the ppm and ppb range. Similarly, the protein breakdown to yield peptides and amino acids has been studied extensively, the latter being substrates of several microbial and chemical reactions that generate many flavor compounds.     

Changes in volatile compounds of peanut oil during the roasting process for production of aromatic roasted peanut oil

The changes in volatile compounds composition of peanut oil during the roasting process of aromatic roasted peanut oil (ARPO) production were investigated. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Among the volatiles identified in ARPO, the N-heterocyclic chemical class possessed the highest relative percentage area (RPA) 61.68%, followed by O-heterocyclic group with an RPA of 24.57%. Twenty pyrazines were considered to be the key contributors to the intense nutty/roasty flavor typical of ARPO. Compounds that increased significantly in concentration during the roasting process were mainly Maillard reaction products, as well as compounds derived from Strecker degradation and lipid peroxidation. The results clearly showed that the roasting process was necessary to obtain the typical nutty/roasty aroma of ARPO. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: ARPO is the traditional edible oil in China that possesses a characteristic strong nutty and roasty flavor that distinguishes it from other edible vegetable oils. During the production, the roasting process is the crucial factor for the formation of the typical roasted peanut aroma that plays an important role in sensory quality of peanut oil. In our investigation, not only the volatile changes of peanut oil pressed from relevant peanut seeds roasted at different roasting time were determined, but also the contributions of identified volatiles on the typical nutty/roasty flavor of ARPO were discussed. Our work clearly demonstrated the significant effect of roasting process on the typical flavor formation of ARPO. The results are valuable as scientific guidance for the roasting process that better satisfy demands of the peanut oil industries for better flavor.     

PERCEPTION OF TEXTURE AND FLAVOR IN SOUPS BY ELDERLY AND YOUNG SUBJECTS

The perception of texture and flavor and their interaction effects in white cream soups were studied in 12 young subjects (18–29 years) and 15 elderly subjects (60–84 years). Eight soup samples (2 × 2 × 2 factorial design) were prepared with or without potato starch, with or without mushroom flavor and with water or with milk. The elderly were less sensitive to changes in the flavor profile of the soups than the young, and their perception of creaminess was reduced. Solvent by flavor interaction effects were independent of age, whereas texture by flavor interaction effects were age specific. Besides the intensities of flavor and texture attributes, pleasantness was also assessed. No indication was found that the contribution of texture and flavor to food appreciation was different for the young and for the elderly in the current study. This study supports the assumption that age‐related differences in product perception exist.