白灵菇风味成分的超临界CO2萃取研究及GC-MS分析

采用超临界CO2萃取白灵菇中的挥发性风味成分,通过正交试验研究萃取压力、萃取温度、分离压力、分离温度等因素在不同水平下对白灵菇挥发性风味成分萃取率的影响,确定最佳提取工艺条件为:萃取压力20MPa、萃取温度40℃、分离压力12MPa、分离温度45℃。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析萃取物,鉴定出16种主要成分,研究表明,主要成分为:(Z)-9-十六碳烯酸、十六烷酸、亚油酸、8-十八碳烯酸等。其中亚油酸的含量最高,占挥发性风味成分总量的64.7%。     

人参脂溶性成分提取工艺优化及其GCMS分析

以5年人工种植人参为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取法萃取人参脂溶性成分,通过正交实验对萃取工艺条件进行优化,并用气相色谱-质谱技术(GC-MS)对萃取物的化学成分进行定性定量分析,结果表明:在萃取压力25MPa、萃取温度40℃、萃取时间3.5h、原料与夹带剂之比(g/mL)为1∶0.6时,人参脂溶性成分的萃取率最高,达85.38%±3.16%。从超临界CO2萃取法提取的人参脂溶性成分中鉴定出28种化合物,以脂肪酸类、酯类、甾醇类、倍半萜类、烯烃类化合物为主,其中相对含量较高的3种组分是亚油酸(43.12%)、顺式-6-十八碳烯酸(21.65%)和棕榈酸(11.86%)。     

槟榔油的超临界CO2萃取及其成分分析

目的：从槟榔籽中提取槟榔籽油,并测定其成分。方法：采用超临界CO2 流体技术萃取槟榔籽油,对其工艺条件进行优化,并用气相色谱- 质谱法(GC-MS)对槟榔籽油所含的脂肪酸种类及含量进行测定。结果：超临界萃取的最优条件为萃取温度45℃、萃取压力20MPa、CO2 流量20L/h,槟榔籽油的萃取得率为17.81%。结论：槟榔籽油中主要含棕榈酸(9.10%)、亚油酸(15.46%)和油酸(11.26%)。     

超临界CO2萃取樱桃仁油及GC-MS分析

以樱桃仁为原料,利用超临界CO2流体萃取樱桃仁油,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计方法,研究萃取压力、萃取时间、萃取温度及其交互作用对樱桃仁油得率的影响,确定了超临界CO_2流体萃取樱桃仁油的最佳工艺参数,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析了樱桃仁油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,超临界CO_2流体萃取樱桃仁油的最佳工艺参数为萃取压力43 MPa、萃取时间199 min、萃取温度44℃、装料量35 g,在此条件下,樱桃仁油的得率为(51.41±0.45)%。GC-MS分析表明,樱桃仁油的主要脂肪酸成分是油酸(52.55%),亚油酸(29.93%),棕榈酸(9.52%),硬脂酸(3.93%)。     

响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取栝楼籽油

通过响应面法(response surface methodology)优化超临界二氧化碳萃取栝楼籽油工艺,采用DesignExpert软件对试验数据进行分析,气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)对萃取栝楼籽油进行成分分析。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为萃取压力29.75 MPa,萃取温度45.1℃,萃取时间为175.8min,栝楼籽油萃取得率为32.82%,栝楼籽油主要成分为棕榈酸(7.90%)、α-亚麻酸(28.23%)、亚油酸(39.33%)和油酸(22.57%)为主,另外检出不饱和脂肪酸7-棕榈烯酸(0.40%)、γ-亚麻酸(0.22%)和11-二十碳烯酸(0.30%),同时检出不饱和烃类角鲨烯(0.33%)。萃取时间、萃取压力、萃取温度对栝楼籽油超临界CO_2萃取工艺有显著的影响,栝楼籽油不饱和脂肪酸质量分数达90.59%。     

羊栖菜超临界CO2萃取物成分分析及在卷烟中的应用

为开发新的天然烟用香料,对羊栖菜进行了超临界CO2萃取,并对萃取物进行了GC/MS分析和卷烟加香试验.结果表明:①羊栖菜超临界萃取物中共鉴定出37种成分,主要有棕榈酸、肉豆蔻酸、硬脂酸、花生四烯酸、(E)-9-十八碳烯酸、亚油酸、芥子酸、11-十六碳烯酸及(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯-1-醇等;②羊栖菜超临界萃取物具有明显减轻杂气,柔和烟香,增加烟气甜润度等效果.     

辣木籽油的超临界CO_2萃取及其化学成分分析

研究了超临界CO2流体萃取辣木籽油的工艺条件并对其化学成分进行了分析。考察了在超临界CO2条件下,萃取时间、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量和分离温度等因素对出油率的影响,并通过正交试验优化得到最佳工艺条件,最后用GC-MS法测定辣木籽油的化学组成。结果显示最佳工艺条件为:萃取时间180 mm,萃取压力20 MPa,CO2流量20 kg/h,萃取温度35℃,分离温度40℃,在此条件下出油率为36.3%,提取率为97%。GC-MS测定结果显示辣木籽油主要由脂肪酸组成,总的质量分数为92%,其中含油酸65.63%;此外还含有1%~3%的饱和烃(1.07%)、醛和醚(1.76%)、酯(2.85%),1.95%的菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇和岩藻甾醇。揭示了用超临界CO2法萃取辣木籽油是可行的;辣木籽油是一种富含油酸、甾醇等功能性成分的植物油。     

小叶丁香超临界CO2萃取工艺及提取物GC-MS分析

通过采用正交试验,对超临界CO2萃取小叶丁香的工艺进行优化研究,并用GC-MS对提取物成分进行分析.结果表明:最佳提取工艺为萃取压力25MPa,萃取温度45℃,超临界CO2流体流量18 L/h,萃取时间2.5 h;从小叶丁香提取物中鉴定出30种成分,其中9,12-十八碳二烯酸含量最高(19.6%),显示了优良的保健价值.     

超临界CO2萃取甜瓜籽油工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取甜瓜籽油,在单因素实验的基础上,运用正交实验设计优化工艺条件。结果表明超临界CO2萃取甜瓜籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间5 h,CO2流量8 L/min,甜瓜籽粉碎粒度24目。在最佳条件下,甜瓜籽油得率为29.34%。利用GC-MS对甜瓜籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,结果表明超临界CO2萃取的甜瓜籽油共鉴定出12种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(10.87%)、硬脂酸(5.57%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸(64.29%)、油酸(16.64%)为主。     

超临界CO2萃取燕麦油的技术研究及其脂肪酸分析

利用正交实验设计,研究超临界CO2从燕麦麸皮中萃取燕麦油的工艺参数,且用GC-MS分析了燕麦油的脂肪酸组成,为开发功能性油脂提供一定的理论参数.实验结果表明,最佳工艺参数是压力15MPa、温度35℃、时间3h.所得燕麦油澄清透明,呈现金黄色,具有特殊的麦香味.其脂肪酸主要有棕榈酸、硬酯酸、反-9-十八碳烯酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、顺-9-十八碳烯酸,相对含量分别为15.30%、2.24%、44.84%、33.81%、1.69%和2.12%,而且不饱和脂肪酸占82.26%.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.