呕吐毒素污染小麦气流分级分离技术研究

研究了水平气流速度、分级隔板高度和供料时间等因素对呕吐毒素污染小麦水平气流分级装置性能的影响。在单因素试验的基础上设计了正交试验,得出影响呕吐毒素含量高的小麦(即轻质小麦)分级性能主次因素为:分级隔板高度、供料时间、水平气流速度;小麦呕吐毒素含量最高时的最佳分级条件为:水平气流速ua=11.65m/s,分级隔板高h=100mm,供料时间t=12s。影响呕吐毒素含量高的小麦分级质量百分比的主次因素为:供料时间、分级隔板高度、水平气流速度;呕吐毒素含量高的小麦质量百分比最高的最佳分级条件为水平气流速度ua=11.65m/s,分级隔板高度h=70mm,供料时间t=15s。     

热风微孔化方便面干燥工艺参数的优化

本文以小麦粉为主要原料加工非油炸方便面,采用高温气流快速干燥技术使面条内部出现微孔结构,改善面条的复水性能。重点研究了干燥温度、时间和风速等因素对方便面品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过L_9(3~3)正交试验对方便面的干燥工艺参数进行了优化,得到的最佳干燥工艺参数为:干燥温度160℃,干燥时间120 s,干燥风速21 m/s。在最佳干燥工艺参数条件下制作的热风微孔化方便面的复水时间(211 s)短于4 min,同时不含外来脂肪,脂肪含量低于1%,水分含量为4.33%,其食用品质优于传统的非油炸方便面,并且可与对照的油炸方便面媲美。通过扫描电镜观察面条的显微结构发现,采用高温气流快速干燥工艺得到的方便面,其表面光滑,内部呈现出微孔结构,为其快速复水创造了基础。     

非漂洗鱼糜即食食品的加工工艺

为了确定非漂洗鱼糜即食食品的最佳配方,研究其加工过程中的品质变化,以感官和质构特性为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定马铃薯泥、蛋清粉、猪油和水的最佳添加量;在此基础上,分析干燥方式和杀菌温度对产品持水性、失水率和色泽的影响,确定最佳加工工艺。结果表明：非漂洗鱼糜即食食品的最优配方为蛋清粉25%、马铃薯泥30%、猪油6%、水100%,最佳干燥工艺为冷风干燥10 h,最佳的杀菌温度为105 ℃。产品加工过程中,失水率随着干燥时间的延长均显著上升,当冷风干燥10 h时非漂洗鱼糜的失水率为39.06%,持水率为84.33%,热风干燥150 min时失水率为34.58%,持水率为83.5%。随着杀菌温度升高,非漂洗鱼糜制品呈现L*值逐渐降低、a*值和b*值逐渐升高的趋势。该研究可为非漂洗鱼糜即食食品的开发和应用提供一定的理论依据。     

板栗片脱水加工工艺研究

以失水率为主要依据结合感官评定,研究3种干燥方式(热风干燥、微波干燥、卤素干燥)在干燥过程中,板栗片厚度、干燥温度、干燥时间等因素分别对板栗片失水率的影响。结果表明, 3种干燥方式中卤素干燥效果最优,切片厚度2 mm,干燥温度80℃,干燥时间30 min为卤素干燥的最佳工艺参数。在此条件下,板栗片的失水率为30.50%,含水量为9.23%,干燥所得板栗片色泽金黄,褐变程度小,基本保持原有组织形态。     

水平气流对小麦进行分级的研究

研究了水平气流速度、分级隔板高度和落料时间等因素对小麦气流分级的性能影响,并在单因素试验的基础上设计了正交试验,得出影响重质小麦水平分级的主次因素为:分级隔板高度、水平气流速度、落料时间;影响轻质小麦水平分级的主次因素为:水平气流速度、分级隔板高度、落料时间.     

油菜籽真空干燥工艺优化

为了提高油菜籽的干燥速率,降低其单位能耗,采用真空干燥技术对油菜籽干燥工艺进行考察。采用三元二次回归旋转组合设计方法对油菜籽工艺参数进行优化试验,选取真空度(X_1),物料厚度(X_2),温度(X_3)作为试验因子分别考察其对干燥速率(Y_1)、能耗(Y_2)的影响并建立回归模型。结果表明:因子对干燥速率的影响排序为:温度(X_3)真空度(X_1)物料厚度(X_2);对单位能耗的影响主次为,真空度(X_1)温度(X_3)物料厚度(X_2);真空度和物料厚度的交互作用对油菜籽干燥速率的影响极其显著,当物料厚度在0.92~1.23 cm,真空度在-0.07~0.045 MPa时油菜籽干燥速率最高。通过软件优化得到最佳工艺参数组合为:X_1=-0.066 MPa,X_2=1.5 cm,X_3=36.0℃,此时干燥速率为0.423 g/min,单位能耗为85.197 k J/kg,与单目标优化所得最优值接近,模型可靠。     

油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散规律的试验研究

为了研究油菜籽流化床干燥过程水分扩散规律,基于Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,通过开展油菜籽流化床干燥实验,分别考察了油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速与水分比和水分有效扩散系数之间的变化规律。结果表明:随着油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速逐渐增大,水分有效扩散系数增加,14.41%~29.72%初始含水率、1.75~2.25 m/s热空气流速及45~65℃热空气温度所对应的水分有效扩散系数范围分别为6.485×10~(-10)~10.133×10~(-10)m~2/s、7.296×10~(-10)~9.525×10~(-10)m~2/s和5.269×10~(-10)~8.917×10~(-10)m~2/s,其中29.72%初始含水率的水分有效扩散系数是14.41%的1.6倍,2.25 m/s热空气流速的水分有效扩散系数是1.75 m/s的1.3倍,65℃热空气温度的水分有效扩散系数是45℃的1.7倍。Arrhenius方程可以描述油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散系数与温度的关系,水分扩散的平均活化能为22.84 kJ/mol;通过比较4种常见薄层干燥模型,发现油菜籽流化床干燥失水规律采用Page模型可进行准确模拟,其决定系数R~2≥0.997,相对误差≤5.4%。研究结果为提高干燥效率,优化干燥工艺参数提供参考。     

油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散规律的实验研究

为了研究油菜籽流化床干燥过程水分扩散规律,基于Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,通过开展油菜籽流化床干燥实验,分别考察了油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速与水分比和水分有效扩散系数之间的变化规律。结果表明:随着油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速逐渐增大,水分有效扩散系数增加,14.41%~29.72%初始含水率、1.75~2.25 m/s热空气流速及45~65℃热空气温度所对应的水分有效扩散系数范围分别为6.485×10~(-10)~10.133×10~(-10)m~2/s、7.296×10~(-10)~9.525×10~(-10)m~2/s和5.269×10~(-10)~8.917×10~(-10)m~2/s,其中29.72%初始含水率的水分有效扩散系数是14.41%的1.6倍,2.25 m/s热空气流速的水分有效扩散系数是1.75 m/s的1.3倍,65℃热空气温度的水分有效扩散系数是45℃的1.7倍。Arrhenius方程可以描述油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散系数与温度的关系,水分扩散的平均活化能为22.84 kJ/mol;通过比较4种常见薄层干燥模型,发现油菜籽流化床干燥失水规律采用Page模型可进行准确模拟,其决定系数R~2≥0.997,相对误差≤5.4%。研究结果为提高干燥效率,优化干燥工艺参数提供参考。     

猕猴桃果片微波干燥条件的优化

分析糖渍后的猕猴桃果片在不同微波强度下的干燥曲线。通过设计回归正交试验,以加热温度、切片厚度、加热时间为三因素,以失水速率、外观质量、Ve含量为三指标,提出猕猴桃果片微波干燥的优化条件：切片厚度为9mm、干燥时间为104．5s,干燥温度为65℃时,综合指标最优,表明微波干燥在这几个方面优势明显。     

冬瓜热风干燥工艺优化

为确定冬瓜热风干燥过程中的最佳工艺参数组合,对冬瓜热风干燥进行试验研究,探讨了切片厚度、烫漂时间和热风干燥温度对冬瓜含水率、干燥速率的影响,在单因素的基础上,通过响应面分析切片厚度、烫漂时间及干燥温度与干制产品的复水性、色泽、Vc保留率以及干燥时间之间的关系,建立二次回归数学模型,确定了冬瓜热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合。结果表明:冬瓜切片厚度、烫漂时间和热风干燥温度对干燥时间、复水比、色泽和Vc保留率均有显著影响,冬瓜热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合为切片厚度2 mm,烫漂时间60 s,干燥温度50℃。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.