不同产地普洱茶主要化学成分含量的差异分析

为了给普洱茶产品的产地判别提供初步的科学依据,本研究分析比较了普洱茶三个主产地(临沧市、西双版纳州以及普洱市)生产的普洱茶样品中的主要化学成分和挥发性成分含量的差异。结果表明,不同产地的普洱茶产品中的茶多酚和没食子酸的含量无显著性差异(p0.05),而水浸出物总量、黄酮总量、游离氨基酸总量以及茶色素(茶褐素、茶红素和茶黄素)含量具有显著性差异(p0.05)。此外,研究发现,普洱茶挥发性成分中的3,4-二甲氧基甲苯、5-甲基-1,2,3-三甲氧基-苯、橙花醇、橙花叔醇、柠檬醛、3,4,5-三甲氧基-苯甲醛、亚甲基-丁酸-二甲酯、四氢猕猴桃内酯等在不同产地普洱茶中含量存在显著性差异(p0.05),采用主成分分析可将不同产地的普洱茶样品有效地区分。     

温度对固相微萃取法分析普洱熟茶香气的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取(Headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术快速测定普洱熟茶香气成分。首先对5种萃取头进行考察,75μm PDMS/DVB表现出了较高的萃取效率。使用75μm CAR/PDMS,通过对不同温度条件下萃取香气成分的数量、种类进行比较,评价了不同温度条件下萃取普洱熟茶香气成分的效果。结果发现,不同温度条件下对普洱熟茶香气成分的萃取差别较大,50℃条件下萃取出化合物56种,醇类和醛类相对含量最高;60℃条件下萃取出68种,碳氢类相对含量最高;70℃条件下萃取出79种,酮类和酯类相对含量最高;80℃条件下萃取出70种,甲氧基苯类物质相对含量最高。主要贡献性香气成分累积峰面积80℃条件下最高,其次为70℃。该研究结果可为普洱熟茶不同种类香气成分的分析提供了理论依据。     

不同储存时间普洱生茶和熟茶香气成分分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取不同储存时间普洱茶的香气成分,经GC-MS联用分析,共鉴定出83种香气物质、其中普洱生茶鉴定出47种,普洱熟茶鉴定出70种,组分增加48.9%。大量萜烯类和甲氧基苯类化合物的形成是普洱茶香气成分的重要特色。试验结果证明:生茶和熟茶中主要香气成分种类基本一致,且所占的香气比重和基本一致,但主要香气成分之间的含量差异极为显著。生茶香气以具有木香、花香的萜烯类和具有强烈的新鲜叶草香气的二氢猕猴桃内酯为主。熟茶以具有霉味和陈香的甲氧基苯类为主。     

不同等级普洱熟茶挥发性物质分析

为探究机采晒青茶的不同分级处理对后续普洱熟茶香气品质的影响,以原料分级（1、2和3号）和精制分级（4、5和6号）后得到的不同等级普洱熟茶为材料,应用茶叶感官审评、电子鼻技术和气相色谱质谱联用仪检测。结果表明:不同等级普洱熟茶中共鉴定出50种挥发性物质,主要以甲氧基苯类物质为主,其次是醇类和烯类,与电子鼻测定所得C6（对甲基类灵敏）传感器在第二主成分区分贡献率最大,其次是C8（对醇类、醛酮类灵敏）传感器结果基本一致;电子鼻LDA分析与GC-MS数据树状图分析结果相近;研究得出甲氧基苯类物质是普洱熟茶中决定陈香的主要物质,反式芳樟醇氧化物（呋喃）的相对含量与普洱熟茶的等级呈正相关,萘的相对含量与普洱熟茶的等级呈负相关。总之,经过不同的分级处理,得到的普洱熟茶挥发性物质间存在差异,该研究结果可为机采晒青茶在后续普洱熟茶加工中的品质提升提供科学的办法。     

普洱生茶和熟茶香气中萜烯类和甲氧基苯类成分分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取,经GC-MS联用测定不同储存时间普洱生茶和熟茶的香气成分。实验结果表明:萜烯类和甲氧基苯类化合物是普洱茶香气的主要成分。其中的萜烯类化合物主要以单萜类及其含氧衍生物为主,还含有部分倍半萜类及其含氧衍生物、类胡萝卜素及紫罗兰酮的氧化降解产物;甲氧基苯类化合物以1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、1,2,3-三甲氧基-5-甲基苯为主。     

采摘季节对普洱生茶香气品质影响研究

不同采摘季节对普洱茶品质影响较大。对云南的3个品种:云抗10号、佛海、长叶白亮,对春、夏、秋3个采摘季节制成的普洱生茶进行气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析,研究普洱生茶香气成分含量随采摘季节变化的特点。结果表明:每个季节采摘加工成的普洱茶香气成分含量各有差别。从数据和感官评审表明:春茶质量最好。     

普洱熟茶贮藏过程中香气变化分析

使用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分别对贮藏1~9 a陈的普洱熟茶7572进行香气分析,得出不同陈化年份的普洱熟茶各香气成分的相对含量数据,并找出其变化规律。之后对不同陈化年份的熟茶进行香气的感官审评,得出关键香味感官的变化趋势,结合香气成分相对含量的变化规律,最终推测出茶叶中的香气内含物质变化对关键香味变化的影响。     

不同类型黑茶香气成分的对比分析研究

为了探讨不同黑茶中的香气成分,采用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用技术对冰岛普洱生茶、静真普洱茯茶、湖南茯茶、陕西茯茶的香气物质进行了研究,并用面积归一化法测定了各种成分的质量分数。结果表明:冰岛普洱生茶和陕西茯茶香气成分较多,分别为129和127种,静真普洱茯茶、湖南茯茶稍低,分别为77和69种;茶香气总量大小为:冰岛普洱生茶﹥静真普洱茯茶﹥陕西茯茶﹥湖南茯茶,分别为:170.51、154.51、84.10、56.13μg/g;从成分种类上看,冰岛普洱生茶和静真普洱茯茶中醇类和醛类含量较高,陕西和湖南茯茶中各种成分含量相差不太显著。     

铁观音乌龙茶和红茶的香气化学特征分析

以铁观音茶鲜叶为材料,采用不同工艺加工成乌龙茶、红茶和绿茶,运用感官审评法评定茶样的香气品质,利用溶剂辅助风味蒸发-气相色谱-质谱/火焰离子化检测器法分析茶样中挥发性成分,研究铁观音茶香气品质及其主要挥发性组分的工艺差异。结果表明,不同工艺铁观音茶样的香气品质得分均高于90 分且呈现花香特征。铁观音茶中检测到52 种挥发性成分,其中芳樟醇类和脂肪酸酯类化合物是挥发性组分的主体。铁观音茶香气的品种特征组分有氧化芳樟醇II、氧化芳樟醇IV、芳樟醇、反-橙花叔醇、己酸-3-己烯酯、己酸-2-己烯酯、苯甲酸-3-己烯酯、苯甲酸己酯和新植二烯等。红茶工艺能促进芳樟醇及其氧化物、3-甲基丁酸-2-己烯酯、己酸-3-己烯酯、己酸-2-己烯酯、新植二烯、二氢猕猴桃内酯、β-紫罗酮和水杨酸甲酯等的形成,而乌龙茶工艺有利于脱氢芳樟醇、2,6-二甲基-3,7-辛二烯-2,6-二醇、反-橙花叔醇、辛酸-顺-3-己烯酯和苯甲酸己酯等的形成。综上所述,铁观音茶的香气化学特征与品种特有组分、加工工艺调控密切相关,可为铁观音新产品研发提供重要技术参考。     

不同贮藏时间普洱生茶的特征性香气成分分析

贮藏时间是影响普洱生茶品质最重要的因素之一,而香气成分又是构成普洱生茶品质重要的物质基础;因此以同厂家、同批号、不同贮藏时间的普洱生茶(7542)为原料,采用顶空-固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用分析其香气成分,同时结合主成分、相关性和聚类分析筛选出普洱生茶在贮藏过程中的特征性香气成分。结果表明:(1)普洱生茶样中共检测到74种香气成分;(2)随着贮藏时间的延长,醇和酸类呈下降趋势,碳氢化合物、酚类、甲氧基苯类和其他呈增加趋势,酮和醛类无明显变化规律,酯类保持稳定;(3)经主成分和相关性分析,将16种香气(反-芳樟醇氧化物、乙基芳樟醇、4-萜品醇、α-松油醇、二氢猕猴桃内酯、柠檬烯、4-异丙基甲苯、4-乙基苯酚、3,5-二甲基苯酚、2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚、3,4-二甲氧基甲苯、1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、1,2,3-三甲氧基-5-甲基苯、4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚、4-乙基-1,2-二甲氧基苯和1,2,4-三甲氧基苯)筛选为不同贮藏时间普洱生茶的特征性香气成分;(4)上述特征性香气成分可将不同贮藏时间的普洱生茶很好地分类聚类。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.