酶法水解乳清蛋白工艺研究

以乳清蛋白为原料,选择碱性蛋白酶水解乳清蛋白.通过四因素三水平正交试验设计方法对碱性蛋白酶水解乳清蛋白的工艺条件[酶-底浓度比(E/S),pH,水解温度,水解时间]进行优化,确定了碱性蛋白酶酶解乳清蛋白的最佳水解条件为酶-底浓度比0.05,pH8.0,反应温度60℃,水解200min,此条件下水解度为21.92％.各因素对水解度的影响主次顺序为酶-底浓度比(E/S)＞水解温度＞水解时间＞pH.     

双蛋白酶解法制备低抗原性乳清蛋白肽及其抗氧化性能研究

通过双蛋白酶分步水解法制备了一种低抗原性乳清蛋白肽,并对其抗氧化活性进行了实验研究.通过响应面法实验对乳清蛋白水解的工艺技术条件如双酶复配比例、底物浓度、酶解温度、时间、酶解pH值等进行了优化.结果表明:碱性蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶之比为1∶1,酶解温度54℃,pH值7.1条件下水解,此时乳清蛋白肽的抗原抑制率仅为10.02...     

限制性酶解对大豆11S球蛋白功能特性的影响

采用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对大豆11S球蛋白进行限制性酶解处理,比较了不同改性蛋白的功能特性.结果表明,酶解处理可以显著提高蛋白在pH4～6的溶解性,适度酶解可以改善蛋白的乳化性,水解度5.39%是改良蛋白乳化特性的优选条件,可以制备平均粒径较小的乳状液.凝胶强度随水解度的升高而降低,改性蛋白水解度为3.78%时,凝胶弹性模量下降42.37%.     

乳清蛋白酶解条件的研究

研究了中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、复合风味蛋白酶4种水解乳清蛋白的酶,以水解度作为测定指标,考察不同酶酶解温度、时间、p H值、加酶量对水解条件的影响。结果为:确定碱性蛋白酶和复合风味蛋白酶,复配酶最佳酶解条件为:酶解温度55℃;酶解时间4 h;每千克蛋白质中加酶量为6 g;碱性蛋白酶和复合风味蛋白酶的质量比为1∶2。     

碱性蛋白酶水解乳清分离蛋白工艺优化

目的 降低乳清分离蛋白中的致敏蛋白含量, 制备低致敏性乳制品。方法 利用碱性蛋白酶水解乳清分离蛋白, 研究酶添加量、初始pH、酶解时间以及温度对乳清分离蛋白水解度的影响。在单因素的实验基础上, 采用Box-Behnken实验设计方法进行四因素三水平的响应面优化实验。结果 在P<0.05的水平下, 4个因素对乳清分离蛋白的水解度都有显著影响。最优的水解工艺为: 酶添加量6.4%、初始pH 11、酶解时间4 h、温度60 ℃。乳清分离蛋白在此条件下水解后, 水解度达到21.11%。酶解液的十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)分析显示, 经过这一优化工艺水解, 10 kDa以上的蛋白基本全部被降解。高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析酶解产物的多肽及蛋白质分子量分布, 结果显示酶解产物的分子量大都分布在3.5 kDa及以下。采用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法原理测定2种标志性致敏蛋白(β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白)的残余抗原性, 发现2种致敏蛋白的残余抗原性也有不同程度的降低。结论 通过碱性蛋白酶水解后, 乳清分离蛋白中具有致敏性的大分子蛋白转变为小分子的肽类, 从而降低了致敏性。     

酶解对乳清蛋白抗原性影响的研究

研究了酶解对乳清蛋白抗原性的影响。选择了7种常见蛋白酶在同一水解模式下水解乳清蛋白，用竞争ELISA法测定水解物的残留抗原性，从而间接测定其过敏性变化。结果表明，酶解能有效降低乳蛋白抗原性，但水解物仍能与特异抗体反应，保留一部分抗原性。不同酶对乳清蛋白过敏原的影响不同，酶的特异性对乳清蛋白水解物的抗原性有较大的影响，碱性蛋白酶降低乳蛋白抗原性的效果最佳，对抗β-乳球蛋白（β-LG）和抗α-乳白蛋白（α-LA）抗体的抗原性分别降低了50．02％和99．72％。     

碱性蛋白酶水解脱除蛋白的橡子淀粉分离工艺条件优化

为优化碱性蛋白酶水解蛋白的橡子淀粉提取工艺条件,选择酶解时间、温度、pH值、酶用量等因素进行单因素试验和正交试验,确定了适宜的橡子淀粉提取工艺条件。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶水解去除蛋白的pH值和酶解温度对橡子淀粉中总淀粉含量的影响较大,影响程度依次为pH值〉酶解温度〉酶解时间〉酶用量;碱性蛋白酶水解去除蛋白的适宜工艺条件为pH值为11、酶解温度为45℃、酶解时间为140 min、酶用量为600 U/g。结合1%双氧水漂白处理12 h后,橡子淀粉中的蛋白未检出。     

不同因素对酶诱导乳清蛋白凝胶性质的影响及其结构研究

采用蛋白酶诱导乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)成胶,对影响凝胶性质的乳清浓缩蛋白质量浓度、酶与底物比(E/S)、pH 值、温度以及钙离子浓度分别进行研究。结果表明：乳清蛋白质量浓度、反应pH 值、温度和钙离子浓度均会不同程度地影响乳清蛋白凝胶的质构性质和保水性,且当乳清蛋白质量浓度为10g/100mL,E/S 为0.5%pH 值为7.0,酶解温度为50℃,钙离子浓度为2.5mmol/L 时制得的乳清蛋白凝胶具有类似于脂肪的质地和口感,具有很好的模拟脂肪特性。透射电镜分析表明此凝胶为一种结构较为松散的颗粒聚集状凝胶。     

乳清蛋白酶解条件优化

用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对乳清蛋白酶解条件进行优化,建立酶法水解乳清蛋白的水解度与水解温度、水解时间、加酶量等三因素的正交回归模型。结果表明:在反应温度57℃、加酶量8 214U/g·蛋白条件下酶解114min,可获得中性蛋白酶水解乳清蛋白的最大水解度11.72%,与模型值基本相符。     

水酶法提取大豆油工艺中乳状液的酶法破乳研究

为降低水酶法提取大豆油过程所产乳状液的稳定性,得到较高的游离油回收率,研究了α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、Alcalase碱性蛋白酶、7L中性蛋白酶的破乳效果;通过破乳率、Zeta电位、粘度、粒径分布和平均粒径指标,分别考察了Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和7L中性蛋白酶对乳状液稳定性的影响。结果显示,在所选酶中Alcalase碱性蛋白酶、7L中性蛋白酶破乳效果最好,相同水解条件下,Alcalase碱性蛋白酶的破乳率高于7L中性蛋白酶。2%的7L中性蛋白酶酶解60 min时破乳率达100%,而在相同酶解时间内,1% Alcalase碱性蛋白酶即可实现100%破乳。经Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和7L中性蛋白酶水解后,乳状液的粘度变低,电位电势减弱,油滴发生聚集,导致乳状液稳定性下降。随Alcalase和7L蛋白酶浓度和酶解时间的增加,相应地,乳状液的粘度进一步降低,破乳率上升。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the