微波辅助低共熔溶剂提取薏苡叶总黄酮的工艺研究

采用低共熔溶剂作为提取溶剂,对薏苡叶总黄酮进行微波辅助提取。通过单因素试验研究了低共熔溶剂的体系、组成比例、含水量、料液比对提取效率的影响。在此基础上,选择微波提取工艺参数温度、时间和功率进行L_9(3~3)正交试验,得出了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数。微波辅助低共熔溶剂提取总黄酮的最优工艺:20倍药材量的30%含水量的氯化胆碱/乙二醇,摩尔比为1:3,微波提取温度55℃,功率500W,时间15 min。     

响应面法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣多糖工艺

为研究超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣多糖的最优工艺,以红枣多糖提取率作为评价指标选择最佳的低共熔溶剂体系,对红枣多糖提取所需的超声温度、超声时间、料液比、含水量进行单因素和响应面试验分析。结果表明：提取红枣多糖的低共熔溶剂体系和摩尔比的最优条件为氯化胆碱∶尿素=1∶2,最优提取工艺为超声温度40℃,超声时间30 min,料液比 1∶10（g/mL）,含水量 20%,在此条件下,红枣多糖提取率为（8.33±0.26）%。     

低共熔溶剂协同超声波提取麦冬总黄酮的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

优选低共熔溶剂(DES)协同超声波提取麦冬总黄酮的工艺条件,并研究其抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验筛选DES的种类和摩尔比、再考察已确定DES的含水量、料液比、超声时间、超声功率对麦冬总黄酮得率的影响,并以麦冬总黄酮得率(%)为指标,进一步采用响应面法优化DES协同超声辅助提取工艺条件,通过体外抗氧化试验评价其抗氧化活性。最佳提取工艺条件为:氯化胆碱/(1,4-丁二醇)摩尔比1∶4、DES含水量20.5%,液料比21∶1 mL/g,超声功率195 W,超声时间20 min;在最优条件下麦冬总黄酮得率为0.728%;体外抗氧化研究表明麦冬总黄酮的抗氧化作用与浓度呈正相关,对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS⁺自由基有显著的清除作用。DES协同超声波提取麦冬总黄酮工艺具有稳定、可行、绿色环保的特点,可用于麦冬总黄酮的提取,且麦冬总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性显著。     

低共熔溶剂提取桂花黄酮的工艺优化

为了探索一种高效、环保的桂花黄酮提取方法,本文设计并制备了6种低共熔溶剂,通过比较醇提、冻融、超声波及微波四种技术,确定了超声波辅助-低共熔溶剂的提取工艺。通过单因素试验考察液料比、摩尔比、含水量、超声功率以及超声时间对桂花黄酮提取量的影响。在单因素的基础上,采用响应面法对提取工艺进一步优化。结果表明：桂花黄酮最优提取工艺为超声波辅助-三元低共熔溶剂提取（氯化胆碱/山梨醇/1,2-丙二醇）;最佳工艺条件为：液料比60:1 (mL/g),氯化胆碱:山梨醇:1,2-丙二醇=2:1:4,含水量62 mol,超声波功率150 W,超声时间16 min,在此条件下提取量达到了10.06 mg/g,比传统醇提法提高了8.93 mg/g,证实超声波辅助-绿色低共熔溶剂技术提取桂花黄酮的高效性。实验结果与响应面模型预测值接近,证实模型的有效性。本研究为低共熔溶剂在天然产物绿色提取方面的应用提供参考。     

低共熔溶剂提取桂花黄酮的工艺优化

为了探索一种高效、环保的桂花黄酮提取方法,本文设计并制备了6种低共熔溶剂,通过比较醇提、冻融、超声波及微波四种技术,确定了超声波辅助-低共熔溶剂的提取工艺。通过单因素试验考察液料比、摩尔比、含水量、超声功率以及超声时间对桂花黄酮提取量的影响。在单因素的基础上,采用响应面法对提取工艺进一步优化。结果表明:桂花黄酮最优提取工艺为超声波辅助-三元低共熔溶剂提取(氯化胆碱/山梨醇/1,2-丙二醇);最佳工艺条件为:液料比60:1 (mL/g),氯化胆碱:山梨醇:1,2-丙二醇=2:1:4,含水量62 mol,超声波功率150 W,超声时间16 min,在此条件下提取量达到了10.06 mg/g,比传统醇提法提高了8.93 mg/g,证实超声波辅助-绿色低共熔溶剂技术提取桂花黄酮的高效性。实验结果与响应面模型预测值接近,证实模型的有效性。本研究为低共熔溶剂在天然产物绿色提取方面的应用提供参考。     

响应面法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取山楂总黄酮工艺

考察超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取山楂总黄酮的效果,优化提取工艺参数。首先制备10种不同组分的低共熔溶剂提取山楂总黄酮,从中筛选出得率最高的低共熔溶剂。然后通过单因素实验,确定低共熔溶剂的含水量和组分比例,并利用响应面法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取山楂总黄酮的提取温度、液料比及超声时间,获得最佳提取工艺。结果显示,含50%水的丙三醇/氯化胆碱（摩尔比3:1）低共熔溶剂是提取山楂总黄酮的最佳溶剂,优化的工艺条件为:液料比42 mL/g、超声时间21 min、提取温度72 °C。在此条件下,山楂总黄酮、芦丁、牡荆素、金丝桃苷、槲皮素的得率分别为7.72%、0.24%、0.33%、0.18%、0.27%,均优于传统的醇提法。在浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,山楂DESs提取物DPPH清除率为86%,高于山楂甲醇提取物,其抗氧化活性增强。因此,超声辅助低共熔溶剂可有效提升山楂总黄酮得率,为山楂资源的开发利用提供科学依据。     

超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取新疆红枣中环磷酸腺苷的工艺优化

针对新疆红枣,采用绿色、高效的低共熔溶剂（Deep Eutectic Solvent,DES）为提取剂,通过超声波辅助技术提取其中的功能性成分——环磷酸腺苷（cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate,cAMP）。研究低共熔溶剂的摩尔比、含水量以及料液比、超声时间、超声温度与cAMP提取量的关系,通过单因素实验和响应面优化试验,得出新疆红枣中cAMP提取的最佳条件为:氯化胆碱与丙三醇摩尔比为1:3,DES体系含水量为44%,红枣粉末与DES的料液比为1:35 g/mL,超声时间为45 min,超声温度为45 ℃,此时与同等超声条件下的水提法和醇提法相比,低共熔溶剂法提取cAMP的含量最高为（284.15±0.06） μg/g。因此,选用超声波辅助低共熔溶剂提取新疆红枣中的cAMP是获得较高提取量的一种新型、高效和安全的方法。     

超声波辅助低共熔溶剂提取野菊花总黄酮的工艺研究

目的:采用一种新型溶剂提取野菊花总黄酮,并对其提取工艺进行考察。方法:以野菊花总黄酮得率为指标,采用单因素实验和响应面试验优化野菊花总黄酮的提取工艺。结果:用摩尔比1:3的氯化胆碱和1,4-丁二醇制备低共熔溶剂,当低共熔溶剂含水量为28%,料液比1:25 g/mL,温度65 ℃下超声(功率450 W)提取38 min时,总黄酮得率可达62.16 mg/g。结论:低共熔溶剂可作为一种新型的溶剂高效提取野菊花中总黄酮。     

复合酶协同超声法提取柿叶总黄酮的工艺优化

以柿叶为试验材料,研究复合酶和超声波联合提取柿叶总黄酮的最佳工艺。在单因素影响试验结果的基础上,对提取条件进行正交优化。结果表明,影响柿叶总黄酮提取的因素依次为提取温度、固液比、提取时间和复合酶用量,优选出的最佳工艺为:以固液比为1∶25的60%乙醇为提取溶剂,5%的复合酶量,室温酶解30min后,60W超声功率,50℃条件下超声提取35min。该提取工艺验证试验显示,超声波和复合酶的合理联用对柿叶总黄酮提取率的提高具协同促进作用,最高提取率为7.16%。     

低共熔溶剂提取绿茶总黄酮及其抗氧化活性

目的:优化低共熔溶剂提取绿茶总黄酮工艺,并评价其抗氧化活性。方法:以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,以低共熔溶剂种类、液料比、提取温度和提取时间为影响因素,采用正交试验优化低共熔溶剂提取绿茶总黄酮工艺参数,并对其抗氧化活性进行评价。结果:绿茶总黄酮的最优提取工艺为以80%乙酰胆碱—乳酸(n_乙酰胆碱∶n_乳酸=1∶1)水溶液为低共熔溶剂,液料比(V_溶剂∶m_绿茶)30∶1(mL/g),提取温度90℃,提取时间75 min,此条件下绿茶总黄酮提取率为1.84%,总黄酮质量浓度为65.8 mg/mL。一定质量浓度范围内,绿茶总黄酮提取液对DPPH自由基和OH自由基的清除能力强于维生素C。结论:以80%乙酰胆碱—乳酸(n_乙酰胆碱∶n_乳酸=1∶1)水溶液为低共熔溶剂提取的绿茶总黄酮具有一定的抗氧化活性。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.