辅色剂提高红米红色素稳定性研究

以红米红色素为原料,研究辅色剂种类、浓度对辅色效果的影响。结果表明草酸、丙二酸、酒石酸、苹果酸对红米红色素具有辅色作用,显著增加色素吸光度值(p<0.05);丁二酸对红米红色素辅色效果不显著,而抗坏血酸、茶多酚对红米红色素具有减色作用。综合考虑色泽值L*、a*、b*、△E以及透过率值、吸光度值多种因素,选择草酸、丙二酸、酒石酸最佳浓度为0.08mol/L,苹果酸为0.06mol/L。经草酸、丙二酸、酒石酸、苹果酸辅色,红米红色素的热稳定性显著增强,且主要花色苷组成未发生变化,无花色苷衍生物生成。     

不同有机酸对紫甘蓝花色苷辅色效应及热稳定性对比分析

在水体系中研究不同有机酸对紫甘蓝花色苷的辅色效应及热稳定性。结果表明:分别添加酒石酸、芥子酸、阿魏酸、单宁酸和咖啡酸,紫甘蓝花色苷吸光度下降速率减缓、最大吸收波长红移、褐变指数降低,说明有机酸对花色苷有辅色效应,且辅色效应随有机酸浓度增加而增强,其中酒石酸辅色效应较其他有机酸强;在70、80和90℃下有机酸辅色花色苷符合一级降解动力学模型,活化能Ea均有提高,酒石酸组Ea提高67.70%,t_(1/2)分别为42.52、36.87和13.15 h,显著高于对照的9.47、8.25和6.48 h,花色苷热稳定性显著提高(p0.05),吉布斯自由能ΔG及焓变ΔH为正、熵ΔS为负,即辅色是自由度下降的吸热非自发过程;花色苷辅色后L*随温度升高和时间延长呈上升趋势,a*下降,酒石酸组显著高于对照(p0.05);有机酸辅色前后花色苷组分未变化,推测该过程为非共价结合。由此说明有机酸对紫甘蓝花色苷有辅色效应,可考虑作辅色剂提高花色苷在食品加工中的稳定性。     

脱味紫薯花色苷色素的稳定性

研究了p H值、金属离子及有机酸对脱味紫薯花色苷色素溶液颜色特征及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,p H 3.0附近时脱味紫薯花色苷色素溶液最稳定;低浓度Fe3+有较强的增色作用,高浓度且随着时间延长Fe3+会导致花色苷降解;Fe2+不仅无增色效果,还会导致脱味紫薯花色苷降解褐变;低浓度的Ca2+、Mn2+和Cu2+对脱味紫薯花色苷色素有一定的辅色作用。草酸、丙二酸和L-苹果酸对紫薯花色苷色素有较好的辅色作用,提高了脱味紫薯花色苷色素的热稳定性,其中草酸辅色最显著,其次是丙二酸和L-苹果酸;柠檬酸和阿魏酸的增色效果不显著,抗坏血酸具有减色作用。     

外源添加物质对黑莓清汁花色苷稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响

本文研究了咖啡酸、阿魏酸、单宁酸、黄芩素、茶多酚、没食子酸、原儿茶酸、芦丁等8种外源辅色素对黑莓清汁花色苷辅色效果、热稳定性、光稳定性和体外抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:咖啡酸、原儿茶酸、茶多酚、没食子酸、单宁酸对黑莓清汁花色苷的辅色效果影响较显著(p<0.05),最适浓度为0.1 mmol/L,而芦丁的最佳辅色浓度为0.4 mmol/L;实验所选辅色素能够在一定程度上提高黑莓清汁花色苷的热稳定性,其中没食子酸、阿魏酸、咖啡酸对其影响效果显著(p<0.05),分别使黑莓清汁花色苷的热降解半衰期延长了6.06、2.07和1.39倍。此外,原儿茶酸、阿魏酸、芦丁能够显著提高黑莓清汁花色苷的光稳定性、DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原力(p<0.05);没食子酸和单宁酸的辅色作用降低了黑莓清汁花色苷的光稳定性。黄芩素、阿魏酸、咖啡酸、芦丁等外源物质可作为黑莓清汁花色苷有效的辅色素。     

黄酮对刺葡萄花色苷辅色稳定化效果的研究

研究了几种黄酮类物质对刺葡萄花色苷的辅色作用,并研究了槲皮素、黄芩素和芦丁对刺葡萄花色苷热稳定性的影响。结果表明:槲皮素对刺葡萄花色苷的辅色效果最为显著(p0.05),其次是黄芩素和芦丁,浓度为0.1 mmol·L-1时单位浓度辅色效果最佳;槲皮素和黄芩素辅色时,在p H2.0处,辅色效果最好,而芦丁辅色时,最佳p H为3.0。加入槲皮素、黄芩素、芦丁后,刺葡萄花色苷的降解速率常数(k)皆显著小于对照组,半衰期(t1/2)均显著高于对照组(p0.05)。经槲皮素、黄芩素、芦丁辅色后刺葡萄花色苷的活化能(Ea)分别为88.48、91.67、83.62 k J/mol,显著(p0.05)高于对照组的74.51 k J/mol,说明加入槲皮素、黄芩素、芦丁能提高刺葡萄花色苷的热稳定性。     

草酸辅色黑豆种皮花色苷的光热降解动力学分析

为提高黑豆种皮花色苷应用性,用草酸对黑豆种皮花色苷进行辅色处理,并研究其光热降解动力学特征。添加草酸后,花色苷的吸光度明显增大,说明有辅色作用。当黑豆种皮花色苷原始吸光度与草酸物质的量浓度之比为131时,辅色效果最佳。草酸辅色黑豆种皮花色苷的光热降解动力学符合动力学一级反应规律,线性关系良好(R0.95)。较高pH条件时,相对未辅色黑豆种皮花色苷,辅色后的花色苷半衰期显著延长,热降解活化能显著增大,辅色效果较显著(P0.05)。草酸辅色处理有利于黑豆种皮花色苷在光热处理条件下的应用及保存。     

单宁酸和绿原酸对杨梅花色苷的辅色作用

通过紫外-分光光度法和CIELab法探究辅色剂单宁酸和绿原酸对杨梅花色苷在水溶液体系中的辅色效果。结果表明,随着单宁酸、绿原酸浓度的增加,杨梅花色苷水溶液的最大吸收波长发生红移,L*值减小,a*值增大。辅色后,杨梅花色苷色泽热稳定性明显提高。通过HPLC进行辅色前后花色苷成分分析,发现加入辅色剂辅色后,无新的花色苷衍生物产生,推测辅色反应为非共价结合。2种辅色作用的吉布斯自由能ΔG均小于0,表明辅色反应是自发进行的;而焓变值ΔH及熵变值ΔS都是负值,表明辅色反应过程是放热的。单宁酸与花色苷辅色反应的平衡常数K值大于绿原酸,说明单宁酸与花色苷的辅色反应更容易进行。     

辅色剂对蓝莓花色苷的辅色作用及其稳定性的影响

研究了几种辅色剂对蓝莓花色苷的辅色作用,并研究了微波、不同温度和光照条件下辅色剂丁二酸、苹果酸、对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸对蓝莓花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明:丁二酸、苹果酸、对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸对蓝莓花色苷具有辅色作用,浓度为0·05mol/L辅色效果最佳,而且能够增强花色苷光热稳定性,但对微波处理的花色苷辅色效果次之。总之,在这4种辅色剂中,丁二酸、苹果酸、对羟基苯甲酸对蓝莓花色苷的稳定性较强,阿魏酸偏弱。     

提高黑米花色苷颜色稳定性辅色剂的筛选及其作用机制

选用7 种酚类化合物和有机酸（表儿茶素、咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、绿原酸、草酸、苹果酸、丁香酸）,评价其在pH 3.0和5.0条件下对黑米花色苷颜色稳定性的影响,以辅色效果和热稳定性为指标筛选最佳辅色剂,并在pH 3.0条件下探究其最佳添加浓度,随后借助红外光谱、分子对接及分子动力学分析其保护作用机制。结果表明,除苹果酸外,其余6 种辅色剂均在pH 3.0和pH 5.0时对黑米花色苷具有辅色效果并能提高其热稳定性,其中在pH 3.0条件下添加迷迭香酸的效果最佳;在所添加质量浓度范围内（0.1～4.0 mg/mL）,迷迭香酸质量浓度越高对黑米花色苷的辅色效果越好。当迷迭香酸质量浓度为2.0 mg/mL时对黑米花色苷的热稳定性的保护作用最好。傅里叶红外光谱、分子对接及分子动力学结果表明,迷迭香酸可通过氢键和π-π堆积相互作用力与花色苷结合,从而提高黑米花色苷的稳定性。因此,在实际应用中可通过添加迷迭香酸提高黑米花色苷的颜色稳定性。     

几种有机酸对紫玉米花青素热稳定性的影响

研究几种有机酸通过辅色作用对紫玉米花青素热稳定性的影响。通过研究热处理过程中紫玉米花青素的残留率、酰基化花青素比例和辅色后花青素热力学性质变化规律,确定单宁酸、琥珀酸、草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸通过辅色作用有效提高紫玉米花青素的热稳定性,而抗坏血酸降低紫玉米花青素的热稳定性。其中,紫玉米花青素与苹果酸、单宁酸和草酸辅色后,其花青素稳定性显著高于未处理的紫玉米花青素,其主要原因是苹果酸、单宁酸和草酸提高紫玉米花青素中酰基化花青素的含量,提高紫玉米花青素的活化能。因此,苹果酸、单宁酸和草酸通过辅色作用可以有效提高紫玉米花青素的热稳定性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.