2009—2012年上海市副溶血性弧菌血清分型研究

目的 了解2009-2012年期间上海市副溶血性弧菌临床菌株和水产品分离株的血清型分布.方法 采用血清玻片凝集试验对622株临床菌株和176株水产品分离株进行血清分型.结果 622株副溶血性弧菌临床菌株可分为27个血清型,其中以O3∶ K6型为主,约占61.7％.176株副溶血性弧菌水产品分离株可分为9个O群,其中O1、O2、O3、O4和O5群为主要血清型,约占72.2％.水产品分离株与临床菌株的血清型差异较大,但在水产品中检测到2株临床菌株的优势血清型O3∶ K6.结论 2009-2012年期间上海市副溶血性孤菌临床菌株和水产品分离株的血清型均呈现高度多样性,O3∶ K6型是引起食物中毒的优势血清型,而水产品分离株未见优势血清型.临床菌株优势血清型O3∶K6在水产品中的出现,提示上海市水产品存在潜在的致病危险,需要加强监控,为疾病的预防和控制提供依据.     

上海市生食三文鱼中副溶血性弧菌污染的风险分析

为了解上海市生食水产品的安全状况,为食品安全分析和监管提供理论依据,研究上海市生食三文鱼为代表的生食水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况,对上海市3 个批发市场进行监测分析,在2013年基于GB/T 4789.7-2008《食品卫生微生物学检验：副溶血性弧菌检验》方法共检测了90 个样品,副溶血性弧菌检出率为20.00%,其中致病性副溶血性弧菌（tdh＋）的检出率为1.10%,使用MEGA软件根据16S rDNA序列开展了菌株多样性分析;根据调查的副溶血性弧菌在生食三文鱼中的污染情况,使用@Risk 5.5 软件分析了生食三文鱼可能引发副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的风险,经Beta-Poisson剂量反应模型、蒙特卡洛模拟等分析后表明,生食三文鱼患病的概率为2.02×10－6,即每百万人有2 人发病;根据上海市三文鱼的平均消费总量,上海市居民每年生食三文鱼因副溶血性弧菌污染可能的患病人数为111 人。上海市居民生食三文鱼由副溶血性弧菌污染引起疾病的风险较小,控制副溶血性弧菌的污染量和每次三文鱼的消费量是减少风险的关键。     

上海市水产品副溶血性弧菌的污染情况及毒力基因分布

副溶血性弧菌是引起沿海城市食源性疾病爆发的主要致病菌之一。为了调查2015年7月—2016年6月上海市内水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况及毒力菌株的分布,根据GB/T 4789. 2013《食品卫生微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》方法结合聚合酶链式反应及环介导等温扩增技术,从206份水产样品中分离出201株疑似副溶血性弧菌,挑取疑似菌株接种至科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基并获取最大可能数,提取菌株基因组DNA对其进行毒力基因鉴定。从上海芦潮港码头收集71份样品中,有59份样品中分离出副溶血性弧菌,污染量为88.36 MPN/hg。上海市水产市场采样副溶血性弧菌污染率高达91.11%,污染量为1 361.76 MPN/hg。其中,tdh、trh阳性菌株污染率分别为1.6%、1.0%,均分离自虾中。研究表明,上海市售水产品中虾类是总副溶血性弧菌及致病性副溶血性弧菌污染率最高的水产品种类。水产品市场相对于自然环境而言具有更高的污染率和污染量,水产品捕捞后的一系列操作增加了副溶血性弧菌的污染。这些结果为上海市食源性疾病的防控提供了依据。     

生食动物性水产品中副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌污染状况分析

目的 了解生食动物性水产品中副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌污染状况。方法 采用随机抽样方法,在我国13个地区的餐饮店、零售店和批发市场采集生食动物性水产品,共计2 980份,对样品进行副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌检测。结果 生食动物性水产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率为14.7%(437/2 980),污染水平＞100 MPN/g的样品比例为2.9%(83/2 909);创伤弧菌检出率为3.5%(104/2 980)。采样于批发市场的样品中副溶血性弧菌检出率、污染水平＞100 MPN/g的样品比例和创伤弧菌检出率均高于餐饮店和零售店。第三季度副溶血性弧菌检出率、污染水平＞100 MPN/g的样品比例和创伤弧菌检出率最高。造成污染的主要原因包括原产地污染,储存不当及加工过程交叉污染。结论 生食动物性水产品中存在副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌的污染,其健康风险应引起关注,本次污染状况分析可为标准制修订提供理论依据。     

水产品副溶血性弧菌污染监测结果的比较分析

摘 要：目的 了解我国水产品副溶血性弧菌污染情况,找出风险监测及预防副溶血性弧菌食物中毒重点区域。方法 以广州市往年监测数据为基础,结合文献公布的其他区域中水产品副溶血性弧菌污染监测结果,进行综合分析,得出结论。结果 2124份水产品样品进行副溶血性弧菌检测, 检出451份,检出率为21.23%。广东、江苏、浙江等沿海地区检出率高于内地监测结果,广东地区检出率高于江浙地区,广东地区淡水鱼副溶血性弧菌检出率高于内地水产品检出率(χ2=4.845,P < 0.05)。结论 广东地区为国内水产品副溶血性弧菌污染最严重的地区,其次为江浙地区,两地检出率均远高于内地,表明国内水产品副溶血性弧菌风险监测重点区域为广东及江浙等沿海地区。     

广州市2006－2009年水产品副溶血性弧菌监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市市售水产品副溶血性弧菌污染情况,为水产品安全性风险评估提供参考依据.方法 在全市12个区的餐饮企业、肉菜市场、超级市场、批发点等4类采样点,分季度抽取水产品样品进行副溶血性弧菌检测.结果 副溶血性弧菌检出率为13.55%(102/753).不同种类(x~2=13.106,P <0.05)、不同年份(x~2=55.583,P<0.05)、不同季度(X~2=15.612,P<0.05)以及不同采样地点(x~2= 14.268,P < 0.05)的水产品检出副溶血性弧菌情况不同.差异有统计学意义.结论 广州市市售水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率较高,为产生该类致病菌性食物中毒的安全隐患.     

市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力及药敏性分析

为了解市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力基因携带情况及药敏性情况,本文采用《GB4789.7-2013食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》分离培养方法,利用VITEK 2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统及荧光PCR从市售水产品中分离鉴定出60株副溶血性弧菌分离株,通过常规PCR对60株分离株中四种毒力基因的分布进行筛查,并用VITEK 2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统对副溶血性弧菌分离株进行药敏性试验。结果显示,市售水产样品的60株副溶血性弧菌分离株中tlh基因携带率为100.00%、tox R/S基因携带率为100.00%、tdh基因携带率为95.00%,trh基因携带率为65.00%,多重毒力基因携带率高,其中四重毒力基因携带率为61.67%;分析60株分离株对19种抗菌药物的药敏情况发现对氨苄西林有极高的耐药性,耐药率为96.67%,多重耐药现象不突出,仅有4株分离株对2种药物耐药。结果表明,市售水产样品中副溶血性弧菌分离株毒力基因携带率较高,且多数携带多重毒力基因;分离株耐药情况不突出,但对抗菌类药物氨苄西林的耐药率较高,需警惕水产食品中副溶血性弧菌的潜在威胁。     

辽宁省市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染状况及耐药性分析

分析辽宁市售水产品副溶血性弧菌污染状况、毒力基因分布及耐药情况。方法 共采集420份水产品,应用国标方法和基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对水产品中分离的副溶血性弧菌进行鉴定,并对分离菌株进行毒力基因及耐药性检测。结果 经国标方法和MALDI-TOF MS鉴定分离得到123株副溶血性弧菌,总检出率为29.29%(123/420)。不同种类、不同类别水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率差异均有统计学意义,海水产品检出率为33.44%,其中海水贝类检出率最高为49.51%;另外淡水产品中河蟹检出率较高为61.29%。分离的123株菌tlh基因全部阳性,未检测到tdh和trh基因,对氨苄西林耐药性显著,耐药率为94.31%。结论 辽宁省市售水产品不同程度受到副溶血性弧菌污染,尤其在河蟹中存在较高检出,应引起重视,并采取有效措施预防由水产品引起的副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病。同时,MALDI-TOF MS作为一种快速、准确、高通量的全新微生物鉴定技术,实现了对副溶血性弧菌的特异性快速鉴定。     

生食水产品中金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌的监测

目的为完善生食水产品中金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌的监测方法提供依据。方法在生食水产品的监测中,金黄色葡萄球菌分别采用GB 4789.10-2010第一法,第二法,第三法进行监测,副溶血性弧菌采用GB/T 4789.7-2008进行监测,同时结合仪器进行筛选和鉴定。结果生食水产品中金黄色葡萄球菌采用第二法检出率为3.3%,第三法检出率为6.7%,可见采用第三法检出率较高;生食水产品中副溶血性弧菌的监测,检出率为6.0%,同时发现粪肠球菌、普通变形菌群/彭氏变形菌、海藻希瓦氏菌、雷氏普罗威登斯菌可干扰副溶血性弧菌的筛选,在使用仪器进行筛选或鉴定时,经常会出现一些假阳性和假阴性的情况,因此在采用仪器的同时需进行手动筛选和鉴定,并以手动检测结果为准。结论生食水产品的监测方法需进一步完善,生食水产品的卫生状况需不断加强。     

2016年江苏省淡水养殖环节常见致病性弧菌污染状况调查

目的 了解江苏省淡水动物性水产品养殖环节中常见弧菌(副溶血性弧菌、霍乱弧菌等)的污染程度。 方法 参照《2016年国家食品安全风险监测淡水动物性水产品养殖环节中常见弧菌专项监测工作手册》进行样品的采集和检测。 结果 从淡水养殖场中采集水产品、水体、水底沉积物样品共507份, 检出副溶血性弧菌17株(3.4%); 霍乱弧菌4株(0.8%); 溶藻弧菌及创伤弧菌均未检出。检出的副溶血性弧菌均不携带毒力基因(trh-;tdh-), 主要血清型为O5:H7(41.2%), 主要耐受的抗生素为头孢唑林(94.1%), 其中3株PFGE带型相似性系数100%; 4株霍乱弧菌均为非O1/O139群, 未发现耐药株。结论 江苏省淡水养殖环节中副溶血性弧菌环境污染程度低, 但在淡水养殖环节中检出致病性弧菌, 提示淡食用水产品依然可能存在引发食物中毒的风险。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.