二维不规则件优化排样的小生境遗传算法

首先采用组合矩形包络算法将二维不规则零件的排样问题转化为矩形件的排样问题;然后将遗传算法与小生境技术相结合,寻找排样件在排样时的最优次序及各自的旋转角度;最后用“最低水平线与填充算法相结合”策略的启发式排样算法实现自动排样。实例表明,该算法是有效的。     

基于匀质条带的矩形件最优三块布局算法

为解决大规模矩形件布局问题,提出一种动态规划算法生成基于匀质条带的矩形件最优三块布局方式.这种算法将板材分为三个块,同一块中只包含方向和长度均相同的匀质条带.通过求解背包模型生成块中的条带最优布局,隐枚举的讨论所有可能尺寸的块,确定所有三决组合的布局价值,选择布局价值最大的一个组合作为最优解.通过文献中的测题,将该算法与经典两段布局算法和启发式布局算法TABU500进行比较.实验结果表明:该算法在计算时间和材料利用率两方面都有效,且生成的布局方式简化了下料切割工艺.     

定序列矩形件优化排样新算法

针对目前矩形件优化排样方法的不足,提出了一个新的定序列矩形件排样算法。采用对矩形件排入板材后生成的矩形空白区域合并的策略,将矩形件优先排入到位置较低的空白区域中,实现了矩形件的插空摆放,有效的利用了排样过程中已排入矩形件间的空隙。实际应用表明,该算法显著提高了单次排样的材料利用率,得到了较好的排样效果。给出了算法的具体步骤。     

基于改进最低水平线方法与遗传算法的矩形件排样优化算法

传统的最低水平线方法用于矩形件排样时可能产生较多未被利用的空白区域,造成不必要的材料浪费.针对此缺陷,在搜索过程中引入启发式判断,实现空白区域的填充处理,提高板材利用率.在应用遗传算法优化矩形件排样顺序时,在进化过程中采用分阶段设置遗传算子的方法,改善算法的搜索性能与效果.通过改进最低水平线方法与基于分阶段遗传算子的遗传算法相结合,共同求解矩形件排样问题.排样测试数据表明,所提出的矩形件排样优化算法能够有效改善排样效果,提高材料利用率.     

改进的最低水平线搜索算法求解矩形排样问题

矩形优化排样问题是一个在制造业领域生产实践中普遍遇到的问题,采用了一种改进的最低水平线搜索算法求解此类问题.首先分析了原始的最低水平线搜索算法在排样中存在的缺陷,并针对该缺陷为其设计了一个评价函数,排样时对所有未排零件进行评价,选择评价值最高的零件排入当前位置,从而克服了算法在搜索过程中的随机性,优化了算法的搜索方向.实验仿真的结果表明,提出的算法可以得到较好的排样效果,并且其解决问题的规模越大,优化性能越好,适合于求解大规模排样问题.     

不规则零件优化排样的神经网络混合优化算法

 提出一种利用人工神经网络求解不规则件排样问题的混合优化方法.该方法首先把排样和制造工艺联系起来,将多边形各边向外扩充,为零件预留加工余量;然后采用自组织特征映射模型（SOM）和Hopfield人工神经网络相结合的方法,运用SOM神经网络对初始在板材内随机排布的不规则零件进行平移,逐步减小不规则零件之间的重叠面积,求得各零件的最优位置,再运用Hopfield神经网络对平移后的零件旋转,进行迭代运算,当能量函数达到稳定状态时,得到各排样零件的最优旋转角度组合,实现自动排样.算法可以解决不规则件和矩形件在规则板材以及不规则板材上的排样问题,实例证明了该算法的有效性和实用性.     

一个实用的矩形件优化排样启发式算法

仔细研究了传统矩形件优化排样近似算法及存在的主要问题，提出一个新的启发式算法。该算法根据最后板材的实际排放情况，采用了多种排放策略，克服了原算法的在零件数较少时的缺陷。在此基础上用Visual C 6．0开发了一个实用的矩形件计算机辅助排样系统。实际应用表明，新算法可获得比原近似算法更好的优化排样结果。笔者给出了算法的具体实现方法和步骤．     

满足“一刀切”要求的木工板排样优化研究

 针对木工板手工排样效率低和材料利用率低问题,提出木工板“一刀切”排样优化算法．在剩余矩形填充算法中添加启发式分块原则,改进的剩余矩形填充算法满足“一刀切”工艺要求．采用遗传算法对矩形件进行排样优化,以提高木工板利用率,降低企业生产成本．为提高算法的优化精度,使用基于指数变换的非线性动态适应度函数,引入精英保护策略,应用部分填充交叉（partially matched crossover）算子．结合剩余矩形填充“一刀切”算法对遗传种群进行解码计算原料利用率,并作为适应度函数值,进行迭代搜索最优解．排样实例表明木工板“一刀切”排样优化算法能够很好地解决多品种大规模木工板排样问题．     

“一刀切”排样问题的遗传算法与蚁群算法整合研究

对于"一刀切"矩形件优化排样问题,采用遗传算法与蚁群算法的混合算法进行研究.针对两种算法的传统混合策略和现有混合策略的不足,对两种算法的混合策略进行改进,并利用种群本身的染色体适值来判断种群进化是否停滞,确定了算法的最佳融合时机.对具体算例的分析验证表明,改进后的混合策略可有效减少算法的冗余迭代次数,提高搜索速度,是一种行之有效的排样算法.     

遗传算法和碰撞算法混合求解冲裁件自动排样问题

针对冲裁件的实际情况,提出了一种利用遗传算法和碰撞算法混合求解冲裁件自动优化排样的方法.在排样中对冲裁件的纵向偏距、放置角度和排样方式进行编码,通过碰撞理论来计算每个个体所对应排样的排样步距.论文给出了运用遗传算法求解的步骤、遗传代码的构造方式和排样步距的求解方法.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.