美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析

自然资源损害作为环境侵权导致损害的一种,逐渐引起了人们的关注。在世界各国的自然资源损害赔偿制度中,美国模式相对全面和细致。它经历了从普通法到制定法的发展历程,建立了由《清洁水法》、《综合环境反应、赔偿与责任法》、《石油污染法》等法律构建的相对完善的自然资源损害赔偿制度。该制度中,有关赔偿主体、赔偿对象、损害评估程序、赔偿范围以及赔偿金的确定等规定科学、合理,非常值得重视和研究。同时,它可以为我国自然资源损害赔偿制度的建立提供参考或借鉴。     

我国自然资源生态损害私法救济的不足及对策

自然资源兼具经济价值和生态价值,自然资源生态损害的私法救济在其他各国法中获得了广泛的支持。而我国法律未明确界定自然资源生态损害及其赔偿范围、赔偿权利主体等,不利于自然资源的保护。我国私法应明确自然资源生态损害的赔偿范围、赔偿权利主体,完善侵权损害赔偿救济制度,建立社会化的生态损害赔偿机制,重视预防性责任在防范自然资源生态损害中的作用。     

论过失导致的纯粹精神损害——以美国法为中心的考察

在美国法上，过失导致的纯粹精神损害经历了一个从不赔偿到赔偿、赔偿范围逐渐扩大的发展历程。在判例法上，“影响规则”、“危险区域规则”、“旁观者规则”和“特殊关系规则”等的发展，一方面使美国的精神损害赔偿与身体上的损害逐渐发生分离，另一方面则使精神损害的赔偿从直接受害人扩大到第三人。美国《侵权法重述》也顺应了这样一种发展趋势，特别是第三次《侵权法重述》对判例作了很好的总结。美国法上的经验，在我国《侵权责任法》刚刚颁布并且仅仅对精神损害作出了概括性规定的今天，对于如何解释和适用该法律具有重要的意义。     

渤海溢油事故海洋生态损害赔偿研究——以墨西哥湾溢油自然资源损害赔偿为鉴

2011年我国渤海溢油事故引起社会强烈关注,尤其对我国海洋环境保护相关法律形成挑战。本文着眼于2010年墨西哥湾溢油事故中的相关赔偿问题,比较美国溢油自然资源损害赔偿制度,分析了渤海溢油事故中涉及的"海洋生态损害"的概念界定、责任主体与索赔主体、赔偿范围、索赔额度及评估标准等法律问题,总结并分析渤海溢油事故对完善我国海洋生态损害赔偿制度的启示。     

浅谈《侵权责任法》的缺陷与完善

我国《侵权责任法》在若干方面都有可完善之处。从抗辩事由上看,缺少受害人同意、自甘风险、自助行为、正当防卫造成第三人损害的规定。从侵权损害赔偿上看,对于惩罚性赔偿适用范围过窄,无规定惩罚性赔偿与精神损害赔偿不能并用的规则,无赔偿范围和数额的限制;精神损害赔偿范围狭小,适用上仍需借助《精神损害赔偿司法解释》,对于无过错责任与精神损害赔偿的关系没有理清;并无实质上解决赔偿上的城乡二元问题;缺乏野生动物致害责任;缺乏最高赔偿限额的规定。从侵权法的保护客体上看,侵权法仍需要把更多的权益纳人侵权法的保护范畴中。从责任主体上看,关于专家责任、定做人责任、帮工责任、雇主责任的追偿权等都缺乏规定。从其他特殊规定上看,环境侵权中,无排污符合规定仍担责的规定亦无公益诉讼机制;民用核设施责任中并缺乏强制保险的规定;高空抛物之证明责任界定不清晰,缺乏操作性。     

《民法典》视域下生态环境损害赔偿及诉讼研究

大自然是人类赖以生存发展的基本条件，人与自然是同一生命共同体，无止境地向自然索取必将遭到大自然的报复。必须用最严厉的法治措施保护自然资源和生态环境，把绿色发展理念贯穿于生产生活方式的全过程，坚定不移地走“生活富裕、生态良好”的发展道路。《民法典》为生态环境保护提供法治支撑：人与自然和谐共生是中国式现代化的根本原则，《宪法》为《民法典》“绿色原则”确立根本遵循，《民法典》为防控和治理环境污染提供法律依据。《民法典》为生态环境修复赔偿提供法律依据：《民法典》规制生态环境侵权主体及民事责任，规制生态环境损害及其“被侵权人”,规制生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度。《民法典》规制生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度：规制生态环境民事公益诉讼制度，规制生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度，规制生态环境行政公益诉讼制度。     

乌克兰侵权法对我国侵权法适用的参考价值

2004年1月1日实施的《乌克兰民法典》规定的侵权法，是除了我国《民法典》规定的侵权责任法之外的另一部21世纪的侵权法，主要借鉴的是《俄罗斯联邦民法典》有关侵权行为的规定。两相比较，实现大陆法系和英美法系深度融合的我国侵权责任法更具优势。不过，乌克兰侵权法在部分特殊侵权责任类型化的深度、损害赔偿一般性规则和人身损害赔偿方面，对我国司法实践适用侵权责任法有参考价值。借鉴乌克兰侵权法有价值的规则，能够在我国的司法实践中，完善侵权责任法适用规则，更好地发挥我国侵权责任法的优势，保护好民事主体的民事权益。     

雇员人身损害赔偿的若干特殊问题探析

最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《人身赔偿解释》)统一了全国法院对生命权、健康权和身体权司法保护规则和方法,不仅解决了人身损害赔偿的基本方法和规则,同时也补充了《民法通则》关于侵权责任立法的一些空白,为制订我国民法典提供了借鉴。关于雇员人身损害赔偿的赔偿原则、赔偿主体、赔偿范围以及赔偿标准,应按照最高院《人身赔偿解释》有关规定执行,笔者仅就司法实践中的几个特殊问题予以分析和探讨。     

完善我国离婚损害赔偿制度的对策建议

我国《婚姻法》规定的离婚损害赔偿制度,是针对夫妻间侵权的一项权利救济制度,其目的在于保护夫妻被侵害方的合法权益。然而目前的法律关于离婚损害赔偿制度的规定还存在过于粗略、模糊、操作性不强的问题,如主体范围狭窄、赔偿情形较少、缺乏统一的赔偿标准等。为了弥补受害方损失、抚慰无重大过错方、惩戒过错方、建立更为完善的离婚损害赔偿制度,应拓宽权利主体和义务主体,采取概括式和列举式的立法方式确立赔偿情形,制定更为详细的离婚损害赔偿标准。     

美国专利侵权损害赔偿中的分摊规则问题

在专利侵权损害赔偿确定中,以侵权产品的总价值中可归功于被侵权专利技术的贡献确定专利侵权损害赔偿的分摊规则,有助于解决全部市场价值规则所导致的过度赔偿及专利权排他权非法扩张等问题。美国一百多年相关实践对分摊规则进行了有益探索,我国应借鉴美国的经验对专利侵权损害赔偿制度进行完善。     

A scale for measuring propensity for abusiveness

A brief self-report is described that assesses propensity for male abusiveness of a female partner in intimate relationships. The Propensity for Abusiveness Scale (PAS) items is nonreactive and contains no explicit reference to abusive behavior. The scale has good psychometric properties, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 and three distinct factors. Data were provided by 140 men in treatment for wife assault and by 63 of their female partners. In addition, 44 demographically matched men and 33 of their partners were evaluated. The scale was validated against reports of abuse victimization by men's female partners using the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (Tolman, 1988). The scale correlated 0.51 with women's reports of male Domination/Isolation tactics, and 0.47 with Emotional Abuse scale scores. A discriminant function for high versus low abusiveness indicated that the PAS correctly classified 82.2% of men into high (one standard deviation below) abusiveness. Social desirability corrections do not significantly change the trend of correlations of the PAS with criterion variables. A cross validation of the scale supported the initial results. The scale also correlates significantly with physical abuse.     

Ethics for Lawyers or Ethics for Citizens? New Directions for Legal Education

The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education andConduct (ACLEC) has called for the reconstruction of the ethicalfoundations of legal education. However, it has not justified its premisethat teaching legal values at the initial stage will enhance professionallegal ethics. It is argued that the present system of education, given itstechnocratic, individualistic, and authoritarian tendencies, cannot meetACLEC's challenge. A more ethical legal education can be envisagedwithin a neo-Aristotelian framework. This perspective emphasizes thereflexivity between micro and macro ethics, and utilizes the active andparticipatory learning approaches which should enable students to engagein meaningful moral discourse and problem solving.     

外观设计专利授权的实质要件探讨

外观设计专利新颖性有绝对新颖性、相对新颖性和缓和新颖性三种。我国正在修订的专利法宜继续坚持混合新颖性标准,其比较对象原则上应限于产品外观设计.抵触申请也可破坏外观设计专利申请的新颖性。我国外观设计专利应引入创造性标准,对同一申请人同日在相同产品上中请的多个相似外观设计,不宜被认定为重复授权。此外,我国外观设计专利应继续坚持“美感”标准。     

Challenges for teaching interaction skills for law students

Abstract

Are lawyers witty courtroom heroes or professionals working with and for people? Is law only universal judgements and afterthoughts or could it also be preventive and proactive individual planning and dialogue? The traditional legal education could be seen to have been based on the first assumptions. The course “Interaction skills for lawyers”, in the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki (Finland), evolves instead from the latter assumptions. In this article we relate our starting points in planning the course and evaluate our challenges and experiences in developing it.     

Association for Conflict Resolution Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordinators

On November 6, 2014, the AFCC Board of Directors endorsed the Association for Conflict Resolution (ACR) Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination, including ethical principles for Eldercaring Coordinators, training protocols, and court pilot project template. The collaboration between Task Forces created by ACR and the Florida Chapter of AFCC, composed of twenty U.S./Canadian and twenty Florida‐wide organizations, produced both an overarching guide to assist in the development of programs and a more detailed model addressing state/province‐specific needs and characteristics. Eldercaring coordination is a dispute resolution option specifically for high‐conflict cases involving the care, needs, and safety of elders.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• There are currently no dispute resolution options for parties involved in high‐conflict cases regarding the care, needs, and safety of an elder.
• The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination address the discrepancies between dispute resolution options available for parents in conflict regarding their minor children and mature families with unresolved concerns about the care, needs, and safety of an elder.
• The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination provide information regarding the ethical practice of eldercaring coordination including a specific definition, recommended qualifications, ethical practices, grievance procedures, training protocols, and a court pilot project template.
• The practice of eldercaring coordination will address the influx of court cases expected as baby boomers continue to age, reducing delays in court hearings, as parties will have the opportunity to resolve their concerns without continuous court attention.
• As of June 2015, five states began Pilot Projects on Eldercaring Coordination, which will be studied by an independent research group to enhance the progress of the process and to develop the best practices for initiating the programs elsewhere.

     

论刑事审判监督程序的理论基础

对我国刑事审判监督程序进行改革和完善 ,就要对刑事再审制度的理论基础进行深入研究。对于西方国家既判力理论、避免双重危险理论等原则中所体现的有益价值观 ,也应从我国的实际出发 ,在构建我国刑事再审制度的理论基础中加以吸收。通过研究刑事再审制度的理论基础 ,推动刑事诉讼改革 ,逐步建立和完善中国特色的刑事再审制度 ,努力促进在全社会实现公平和正义的目标。     

永远怀念郑成思老师

2006年9月10日,当全中国的教师们还在以各自的方式感受第22个教师节的时候,你走了。我们只是感到突然,但并不意外。因为从你的病情被确诊的那一刻起我们就知道,这一天,正在一步一步向我们逼近。一年多来,每当星期二上班或有其他聚会的时候,我们总是小心翼翼地谈到你,三言两语而已。因为我们深怕对你的健康的担忧和牵挂会让我们没有办法若无其事地工作和生活。我们一直有一种凄然的默契:没有你的消息就是     

Cooperation Challenges for the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

While the Agreement between the United Nations and Lebanon providesa solid framework for cooperation between the Special Tribunaland Lebanon, Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007) is silenton the duty of third states to assist the Tribunal. As a result,the Special Tribunal will be confronted with a variety of obstaclesand problems in obtaining their cooperation, which may seriouslyhamper its functioning.