街道峡谷形态对污染物扩散的数值模拟

机动车排放的尾气污染物,在城市街道峡谷内的稀释扩散及分布特性,主要由街道内流动结构决定,而街道布局和结构对流动结构有重要影响。基于二维不可压缩流动的Navier-Stocks方程、污染物组分输运方程及标准k-?湍流模型,获取所构建模型的数值解。采用验证的模型参数,构建了9种2类高宽比H/W为1的二维城市街道截面形态构造,在来流平均风速为3 m/s情况下,研究了街道截面形态对机动车尾气污染物扩散传递的影响。结果表明:下沉式道路结构不会改变街道峡谷内主涡结构和污染物分布;随着下沉深度的增加,机动车道内污染程度将进一步加剧;廊道内污染物浓度分布受廊道高度的影响较大,其人行呼吸高度处背风侧附近污染物浓度值相对参考工况增加大约5%,廊道深度对街谷内污染物扩散影响不大。     

街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物的数值模拟

针对典型的平顶和坡顶的城市街道峡谷结构，通过求解二维和三维不可压缩N-S方程、湍流模型方程及对流扩散方程，数值模拟了街道峡谷内的流场及机动车排放污染物的对流扩散．结果表明，使用二维和三维数学模型所计算的两边为平顶建筑的街道峡谷内污染物浓度不同；而两边为坡顶和平顶建筑的街道峡谷内的背风面污染物的浓度，在相同的气象条件下，三维数学模型数值模拟结果基本一致。     

包头市机动车排放污染物扩散的研究

本文以包头市为例,对城市汽车污染扩散的影响因素进行了简要分析,采用街道峡谷汽车污染扩散模型,得出了包头市典型街道小寨街道的机动车污染扩散公式．利用OSPM模式计算了包头市典型街道区域内的机动车排放污染物的浓度．其中小寨街道循环区内平均总浓度为0．952mg／m3。     

城市街道峡谷二维空气流场的数值计算

用标准κ-ε模型计算了不同高宽比街道峡谷的内部流场,并将计算结果与风洞试验数据及前人的雷诺应力湍流模型研究结果进行了对比.计算表明:随着高宽比的增加,峡谷内旋涡数增多,易形成独立的稳定的循环气流,污染物会比较难扩散.峡谷内建筑物墙面附近气流垂直速度的曲线上有驻点出现,峡谷达到一定深度后,并开始出现第2个驻点.     

兰州城区街道峡谷内流场及机动车排放污染物扩散规律研究

利用数值模拟方法对兰州城区街道峡谷内流场及机动车排放污染物扩散特征与街道峡谷风场、几何结构及两侧建筑物对称性这间的复杂关系进行了数值实验。结果表明：在街道峡谷特殊地形和当地气象条件共同作用影响之下，峡谷内会形成一个完整的涡旋流场，其强度随着街道两侧建筑物屋顶来流强度的增大而增大，机动车排放污染物浓度的高层建筑物背风面及街道地面产生堆积，形成高浓度区，随着建筑物屋顶来流风速的增大，涡旋强度增大，湍流混合加强，大气扩散速率增大，峡谷内污染物浓度相对减小。     

城市街道内污染物扩散的数值模拟

随着我国城市汽车保有量的迅速攀升,城市中心区的空气质量与生态环境急剧恶化.利用CFD数值模拟研究街道峡谷污染物的扩散问题,对比分析了开放街道峡谷和城市街道峡谷污染物的扩散问题,证明了计算域和入流边界处湍动能k和湍动能耗散率ε取值的重要性.计算结果与经典风洞实验符合很好,证实了相同条件下城市街道峡谷的背风墙和迎风墙上的污染物浓度均大于开放街道峡谷的相应值.利用3维建筑群计算实例,指出了寻求建筑群优化布局对减小小区污染的重要性.     

架空建筑街谷内流动与污染物扩散的数值模拟研究

研究架空建筑设计对街道峡谷内气流流动和污染物扩散规律的影响。考虑了4种不同街谷高宽比(H/W)和3种架空建筑类型,利用经风洞实验验证的CFD数值模型对上述街谷内流动与污染物扩散规律进行模拟研究。结果表明,在无架空街谷中,H/W的增大不利于街谷内污染物扩散。与无架空街谷相比,架空结构显著改善了街谷内的空气质量。两侧建筑架空结构比单侧建筑架空结构更有利于街谷内污染物扩散,上游建筑架空结构对街谷内污染物的稀释作用优于下游建筑架空结构。当两侧建筑架空时,街谷内污染物可降低90%以上。架空结构显著增强了街谷近地面的气流流速,改善了街谷内的空气质量。     

不同形式的高架桥对街道峡谷气流和污染物分布的数值分析

应用计算流体力学（CFD）软件FLUENT模拟了不同形式的高架桥在街道峡谷中的气流和污染物分布的状况.该高架桥的不同形式包括：高架桥的高度、高架桥的宽度以及高架桥是否有污染源.采用标准k-ε模型与离散相模型对街道峡谷内部气流运动及污染物浓度分布进行了模拟计算,并分析了高架桥对风场及污染物扩散的影响.     

城市大气中污染物扩散的施密特数研究

借助反问题方法对风洞实验工况选取不同施密特数进行数值模拟试验,分析比较了不同施密特数时街道峡谷内各个观测点的数值模拟数据和风洞实验数据.研究结果表明,城市街道内大气污染物扩散的施密特数为0.7～0.8.     

基于流场验证的紊流施密特数对街道峡谷污染物扩散数值模拟的影响

以城市街道峡谷的水槽和风洞试验数据为依据,利用ANSYS Fluent软件,数值模拟了街道峡谷内的流场(包括时均流动和紊流强度)及污染物浓度。结果表明:标准k-ε紊流模型、RNG k-ε紊流模型和标准k-ω紊流模型均能基本正确地模拟街道峡谷内的流场和浓度场;紊流施密特数Sct对浓度值有明显的影响,街道峡谷内的浓度值随Sct的增加而变大,当Sct取1.3时,浓度值和试验值吻合最好;由于标准k-ω模型对流场的模拟结果相对最好,其模拟的浓度场也与试验值吻合最佳。街道峡谷内的浓度分布由时均流输运和紊流扩散共同决定,因此,合理的Sct数不能仅仅依据浓度值与试验值的吻合度来选取,而应首先保证流动模拟的准确性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.