葛根异黄酮类化合物提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究葛根异黄酮类化合物的最优提取工艺及其体外抗氧化能力。方法:在单因素试验的基础上设计正交试验,通过方差分析和多重比较确定最优提取工艺。以超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)、羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-苯基自由基(DPPH·)清除率测定法及还原力测定法评价异黄酮类化合物体外抗氧化活性。结果:最佳工艺条件是:提取时间1 h、料液比1∶20、提取温度80℃、乙醇体积分数50%。异黄酮类化合物在0~1mg/m L质量浓度范围具有较明显的抗氧化活性,并随着质量浓度的增加活性增强。其对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率达到57.1%,对羟基自由基的清除率达到52.04%,对1,1-二苯基-2-苯基自由基的清除率达到45.9%。结论:葛根中含有较多的异黄酮类化合物,具有体外抗氧化活性。     

超声波法提取香蕉皮单宁及抗氧化活性研究

为了开发植物多酚类天然抗氧化剂,本试验以单宁产率为指标,利用响应面试验优化超声波法提取香蕉皮单宁工艺(超声功率、超声时间、料液比、乙醇浓度),并对其抗氧化性以及油脂保护率进行测定。结果表明,超声波法的最优萃取参数为超声功率430 W,超声时间40 min,料液比1:42 g/mL,乙醇浓度66%,此时单宁产率1.87%。随着单宁浓度增加,DPPH、超氧阴离子和羟基自由基清除率不断增加,单宁提取物对DPPH、超氧阴离子和羟基自由基清除率的半抑制浓度分别为0.300、1.185、0.730 mg/mL,其中DPPH和羟基自由基半抑制浓度低于V_C阳性对照组;随着单宁提取物添加量增加,大豆油加速氧化过程中过氧化值显著降低(P<0.05),在96 h油脂保护率较高;并且单宁添加量0.04%时,大豆油过氧化值最低,此时油脂保护率显著高于单宁添加量0.02%与0.06%(P<0.05)。因此单宁提取物能够起到抑制油脂氧化的作用。     

月桂叶精油抗氧化活性及在食用调味油中的应用

以月桂叶为原料,从总抗氧化活性、过氧化值、清除DPPH、清除羟基自由基4个指标对比了月桂叶精油和常用油脂抗氧化剂的抗氧化能力;并将月桂叶精油与基础油调配,采用电子鼻评价了油脂储藏的稳定性以及不同光照和油炸过程的品质变化。实验结果表明：当浓度为2.5×10-2 mg/mL、3.0×10-2 mg/mL时,精油的总抗氧化性能要优于其他单体抗氧化剂;在55℃的加速氧化过程中,当精油浓度达到0.3%时,调味油的抗氧化性能明显提升;以多力葵花籽油为基础油,0.8%的精油添加量进行调配,经过不同时间加速氧化的调味油表现出不同的气味信息,且不同储藏时间的油样可以很好区分。避光保存与自然光保存对油脂自身氧化速度影响不大,而全日光会加速氧化,在80天全日光保存后,油脂的过氧化值接近15 mmol/kg。电子鼻SQC分析显示,前三次煎炸后油的品质变化不大,从第四次煎炸开始,调味油的质量变化显著,并有新的挥发性物质产生。     

余甘子多酚作为食用油脂抗氧化剂的研究

利用LSA-10大孔吸附树脂纯化余甘子多酚,通过测定1,1-二联苯基-2-苦肼自由基(DP-PH·)清除率和还原力,考察余甘子多酚抗氧化活性;同时,以花生油、猪油为底物,以过氧化值(POV值)为指标,研究了余甘子多酚对油脂的抗氧化性能,并对其货架期进行预测.结果表明,LSA-10大孔吸附树脂纯化后可得到多酚含量为834.5mg/g的余甘子多酚;余甘子多酚的还原力高于茶多酚,EC50值为46.6μr/mL;DPPH·清除活性低于茶多酚,EC50值为83.2μg/mL;余甘子多酚对花生油和猪油的抗氧化作用优于茶多酚,食用油脂在添加了余甘子多酚后,油脂的氧化速度明显降低,货架期明显延长,花生油货架期由96d延长到192d,猪油则由128d延长到256d.余甘子多酚具有一定的油脂抗氧化能力,是一种有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂.     

豆腐柴叶总黄酮不同溶剂级分抗氧化活性分析

采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子、还原力、总抗等体外抗氧化活性模型和抗氧化活性综合评价指数,分析四川江油地区不同溶剂萃取的豆腐柴黄酮级分(乙醇、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、氯仿、水)的抗氧化活性。结果显示,不同浓度乙醇提取总黄酮的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除活性最高。1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率、ABTS阳离子自由基清除率、总抗和还原力皆随乙醇浓度的升高而呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,超氧阴离子自由基清除率却随乙醇浓度增加一直降低。综合评价指数显示不同浓度乙醇抗氧化活性依次为75%醇提物65%醇提物55%醇提物85%醇提物95%醇提物。乙酸乙酯层萃取物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、总抗、还原力及ABTS阳离子自由基清除率要优于其它各萃取层。正丁醇层萃取物的超氧阴离子自由基清除率要优于其它各萃取层。乙酸乙酯层抗氧化活性最佳。豆腐柴叶总黄酮有较好的抗氧化活性,可作为抗氧化剂或者健康食品原料开发。     

凌云白毫茶多糖超声波提取工艺优化及其抗氧化效果

以凌云白毫为原料,优化茶多糖提取工艺,并探讨茶多糖的抗氧化效果.以茶多糖得率为响应值,在单因素实验的基础上采用Box-Bohnken法优化茶多糖超声波辅助热水浸提工艺.考察茶多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除率及对油脂自氧化反应的抑制情况,评价其抗氧化效果.实验结果表明...     

梅片树叶挥发油的抗氧化活性研究

目的:对梅片树叶挥发油的抗氧化活性进行了研究。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到挥发油,用紫外分光光度法测定挥发油对羟基(OH)自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的清除能力以及挥发油的还原能力,并与2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)比较。同时,对影响其抗氧化活性的物质进行分析。结果:挥发油对羟基自由基具有较好的清除能力,且清除效果要强于BHT;而挥发油对DPPH.的清除率和还原能力要明显弱于BHT,梅片树叶挥发油中高含量的总多酚和总黄酮可能是其抗氧化活性的主要物质来源。结论:挥发油在某些抗氧化活性方面有较好的抗氧化效果,具有作为天然抗氧化剂的巨大潜力。     

北五昧子藤茎三萜抗氧化活性研究

利用乙醇浸提法从北五味子藤茎中提取三萜类化合物,再经初步纯化后,进行三萜的抗氧化活性实验。通过总还原力测定法、Fenton法、改良的邻苯三酚自氧化法、DPPH法、猪油体系抗氧化法,分别对北五味子藤茎提取物的总还原力、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基及DPPH自由基的清除能力、过氧化值(POV值)进行测定。结果表明,北五味子藤茎三萜有较好的还原能力;对羟自由基和DPPH自由基有较强的清除作用,且清除率50%所对应的质量浓度IC50分别为0.6mg/mL和0.077mg/mL,但对超氧阴离子自由基清除效果不是很显著;有一定地抑制油脂氧化的作用但弱于抗坏血酸、TBHQ,抗坏血酸对三萜的抗氧化性有协同增效作用。     

酸汤中乳酸菌的鉴定及其耐酸、耐胆盐和抗氧化活性

采用16S rDNA基因序列对从酸汤中分离出的6株乳酸菌进行鉴定,并研究6株菌的耐酸和耐胆盐能力;同时以清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基和羟基自由基为指标,探究其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,6株菌均为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),可耐受pH2.5和0.3%质量分数的胆盐,且活菌数保持在107 CFU/mL以上,存活率大于87%;菌体浓度为108 CFU/mL时,6株菌对DPPH自由基的清除率在23%~35%之间,对羟基自由基的清除率在6%~16%之间。6株植物乳杆菌中,JMST-1兼具良好的耐酸、耐胆盐和一定的抗氧化能力,在耐酸、耐胆盐试验中存活率达到91%,对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除率分别达到28.60%和15.44%。     

山茱萸多糖PFCCⅠ抗氧化性能研究

研究了山茱萸多糖PFCCⅠ的抗氧化性能。利用烘箱法研究多糖对油脂的抗氧化活性,结果表明,碱提山茱萸多糖PFCCⅠ可有效抑制植物油氧化;利用Fenton反应检测多糖PFCCⅠ对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除作用,当清除率达50%时所需浓度分别为80μg/mL;通过邻苯三酚自氧化反应检测二者对超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除能力,当清除率达50%时所需PFCCⅠ浓度为34.9μg/mL。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.