2019—2021年武汉市致泻大肠埃希菌分子分型与耐药性研究

目的 了解2019—2021年湖北省武汉市腹泻患者来源致泻大肠埃希菌的毒力基因分布、耐药情况以及种群多样性。方法 定期收集来自武汉市5家医疗机构的致泻大肠埃希菌菌株并通过生化反应和飞行时间质谱进行确认。对经确认的菌株进行药敏试验以及多重PCR检测毒力基因。采用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术和多位点序列分型技术对收集的菌株进行分子分型。通过聚类比对和构建最小生成树进行同源性分析。结果 收集到59株致泻大肠埃希菌，共检出3种基因型别。其中检出产肠毒素大肠埃希菌（ETEC）29株，占比最高为49.15%；肠集聚性大肠埃希菌（EAEC）、肠致病性大肠埃希菌（EPEC）各检出15株，占比均为25.42%。59株致泻性大肠埃希菌对除多黏菌素E外的11种抗生素表现出不同程度的耐药，对氨苄西林（67.80%）、萘啶酸（61.02%）、四环素（45.76%）、复方新诺明（37.29%）、头孢噻肟（30.51%）、氯霉素（13.56%）表现出较高的耐药性。EAEC和EPEC均存在14种不同的脉冲场凝胶电泳带型，均可被分为11种不同的ST型别。ETEC存在28种不同的脉冲场凝胶电泳带型，可被分为10种不同的ST型别，且超过50%的ETEC属于同一种优势克隆复合体CC-10。结论 武汉市食源性致泻大肠埃希菌的污染长期存在且耐药情况严重，其中EAEC和EPEC型别多样，ETEC的优势克隆复合体CC-10被广泛检出。     

2019年福建省哨点医院腹泻患者中致泻大肠埃希菌感染状况及病原学特征分析

目的 了解2019年福建省哨点医院腹泻患者中致泻大肠埃希菌(DEC)感染状况、毒力基因携带、分子分型及耐药情况。方法 采集腹泻患者210份粪便标本按照GB 4789.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》方法分离大肠埃希菌后进行荧光聚合酶链式反应(PCR)确认,并对分离出的DEC进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型及药敏试验。结果 共检出阳性菌株32株,检出率为15.2%(32/210),其中肠道致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)占37.5%(12/32),肠道集聚性大肠埃希菌(EAEC)占37.5%(12/32),产肠毒素大肠埃希菌(ETEC)占25.0%(8/32)。药敏试验结果表明,32株菌对氨苄西林耐药程度最高,耐药率为78.1%(25/32),其次是四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑,耐药率分别为62.5%(20/32)和59.4%(19/32)。多重耐药(MDR)率为50.0%(16/32)。PFGE结果表明,32株菌共分为28种PFGE带型,其中12株EPEC共分为10种带型,12株EAEC共分为10种带型,8株ETEC共分为8种带型,其中EPEC聚类分析结果有两组菌株具有100.0%相似带型,EAEC有一组菌株具有100.0%相似带型,ETEC聚类分析没有完全一致的带型。结论 2019年福建省哨点医院腹泻患者DEC感染主要以EPEC、EAEC为主,菌株分型带型存在多样性,菌株耐药状况严重,且存在较高的多重耐药率。     

我国食品中大肠埃希菌O157耐药及PFGE分子分型特征分析

了解我国食品中分离的110株大肠埃希菌O157的耐药及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型特征,完善我国食品中大肠埃希菌O157菌株特征的基础信息,为该菌的风险评估提供依据。方法 使用琼脂稀释法对确认的110株大肠埃希菌O157进行药敏试验,完成耐药特征的分析。参照美国疾病预防控制中心PulseNet试验方法,对110株大肠埃希菌O157,运用XbaⅠ酶进行酶切并完成PFGE分析,利用BioNumerics软件对分离株的指纹图谱进行聚类分析。结果 ①110株菌中,43株菌至少对一种抗生素有抗性。耐药率最多的前三种抗生素依次是四环素(30.0%,33/110),磺胺甲恶唑(29.1%,32/110),萘啶酸(26.4%,29/110);②一共有24个耐药谱,耐两种以上抗生素的菌株有34株,耐3种以上抗生素的多重耐药菌株有32株。最常见的三种耐药谱依次是SMX(6),AMP-NAL-SMX-SXT-TET(6),AMP-CHL-NAL-SMX-SXT-TET(4)/AMP-SMX-SXT-TET(4)/TET(4);③大肠埃希菌O157非H7 (O157∶hund)对所测试的抗生素的耐药率明显高于大肠埃希菌O157∶H7(χ²=72.010 P<0.05)。其中37株携带了志贺毒素基因的大肠埃希菌O157∶H7仅对磺胺甲恶唑(2.7%,1/37)、萘碇酸(2.7%,1/37)有耐药,没有多重耐药菌株;④通过不同种类食品中大肠埃希菌O157菌株耐药率比较发现,从生猪肉、生禽肉中分离的菌株耐药率相对高于其他食品种类;⑤PFGE分子分型研究显示菌株具有基因多态性,且可以很好将大肠埃希菌O157非H7和大肠埃希菌O157∶H7菌株区分开。结论 我国食品中分离的大肠埃希菌O157耐药现象严重。我们应加强养殖环节和零售环节食源性致病菌,特别是大肠埃希菌O157(包括产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157)菌株药敏特征的监测,探明食品与养殖环节菌株耐药的传播关系,并为国家制定科学的养殖业抗生素用药提供依据。     

广州市蔬菜类凉拌菜中微生物污染状况调查及大肠埃希氏菌耐药现象研究

;目的 了解广州市蔬菜类凉拌菜的微生物污染状况及大肠埃希氏菌耐药情况,为食源性疾病的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法：从广州市的超市、集贸摊点采集300份凉拌菜,依据GB 4789-2016进行微生物检验,用VETIK 对检出的大肠埃希氏菌进行药敏试验,PCR法检测致泻性大肠埃希氏菌毒力基因。结果：300份样品中大肠菌群检出率为41.7%,大肠埃希氏菌检出率为6.7%,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.0%,未检出沙门氏菌。药敏结果显示大肠埃希氏菌对头孢唑啉的抗性最高(40.0%)、其次为氨苄西林(30.0%),对其它受试抗生素不具有耐药性,且无多重耐药菌株。20株大肠埃希氏菌中检出3株致泻大肠埃希氏菌。结论：广州地区蔬菜类凉拌菜中存在较为严重的微生物污染,食源性大肠埃希氏菌具有一定的耐药现象,应加大卫生监督力度,保障食品安全。     

2016年江苏省食源性疾病患儿中致泻大肠埃希氏菌毒力基因分布与耐药性特征

目的 了解江苏省食源性疾病患儿中致泻大肠埃希氏菌的流行状况、不同毒力基因型的分布和对抗生素的敏感性特征。方法 从江苏省各设区市的三甲医院共收集3566例食源性疾病患儿的粪便或肛拭子标本进行致泻大肠埃希氏菌检测, 用实时荧光定量PCR进行毒力分型, 用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏实验。结果 江苏省食源性疾病患儿中, 共检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌104株, 总检出率为2.9%(104/3566)。在5种毒力基因型致泻大肠埃希氏菌中, 肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌、肠致病性大肠埃希氏菌是主要的毒力基因型, 分别占61.5%(64/104)、26.9%(28/104)。致泻大肠埃希氏菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高, 达71.2%, 其次为四环素和萘啶酸, 分别为59.6%和54.8%。未发现亚胺培南耐药菌株。多重耐药率为75.0%。结论 肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌是导致江苏省儿童食源性疾病最主要的致泻大肠埃希氏菌。约95%以上的致泻大肠埃希氏菌对头孢他啶、头孢西丁敏感, 100%对亚胺培南敏感。耐药率及多重耐药率高, 应加强致泻大肠埃希氏菌耐药性监测及临床抗生素合理使用。     

2011—2016年石家庄市40株食物中毒沙门菌的耐药特征及分子分型结果分析

目的 研究食物中毒沙门菌分离株的分子生物学特征,结合耐药表型,分析菌株间的同源性及耐药关系,为预防控制食源性疾病发生和临床治疗提供科学依据。方法 对分离自2011—2016年石家庄市食物中毒食品或标本的40株沙门菌进行药敏检测,并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型,运用BioNumeries软件分析菌株之间的流行病学关系。结果 40株食源性沙门菌经Xba I酶切可分为11种带型,药敏结果呈现多重耐药趋势。结论 石家庄市食源性沙门菌呈高度散发、多重耐药的特点,特别是优势血清型肠炎沙门菌耐药性较明显,提示应加强沙门菌耐药性监测。     

2018—2020年天津市津南区食源性致病菌分布及药敏分析

目的 对2018—2020年天津市津南区食源性致病菌污染进行监测及耐药分析,了解天津市津南区食源性疾病流行病学特征和耐药情况,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供依据。方法 对2018—2020年津南区哨点医院607例食源性疾病粪便标本进行沙门菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、副溶血性弧菌和志贺菌4种致病菌检测,并对阳性菌株做药敏分析。结果 607例粪便标本中共检出阳性菌株124株,阳性检出率20.43%(124/607)。其中沙门菌74株,副溶血性弧菌31株,致泻大肠埃希菌19株,未检出志贺菌。患者中,男∶女为4∶3(347/260);沙门菌中肠炎沙门菌检出率最高,达62.16%(46/74),致泻大肠埃希菌中肠致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)检出率最高;药物敏感试验中,沙门菌和致泻大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林(AMP)耐药显著,高达72.04%(67/93),且普遍存在多重耐药情况,副溶血性弧菌对头孢唑啉(CFZ)的耐药最严重[77.42%(24/31)]。结论 天津市津南区2018—2020年引起腹泻的食源性疾病致病菌以肠炎沙门菌、EPEC为主。分离菌株普遍对AMP耐药,且存在多重耐药情况,提示相关部门应加强对食品加工业的监管,同时加强致病菌耐药的监测力度,为津南区食品安全和临床治疗提供依据。     

密云区致泻大肠埃希菌耐药性及耐药基因研究

目的建立密云地区腹泻患者致泻大肠埃希氏菌的毒力基因及耐药基因数据库。方法采集腹泻患者粪便样本,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法鉴定致泻大肠埃希氏菌并确定毒力基因,采用微量肉汤稀释法确定耐药性,采用普通PCR方法对耐药基因进行检测。结果 2112份粪便样本中检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌114株,肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌(enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,EAEC)占57.9%,毒力基因以astA+pic、eae为主,萘啶酸(nalidixic acid, NAL)、氨苄西林(ampicillin, AMP)、四环素(tetracycline, TET)、磺胺异恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SUL)耐药率均超过30%, 41株菌株多重耐药,主要流行的耐药因子为GyrA、GyrB、blaTEM、ParC、aadA1、tetA、tetB、SUL2、floR、aac(3′)-IIa。结论密云地区腹泻患者致泻大肠埃希氏菌多重耐药性及耐药基因的存在情况较为普遍,应开展长期的主动监测。     

北京市大兴区2018—2020年腹泻病人致泻大肠埃希氏菌检测结果分析

目的 了解北京市大兴区食源性疾病病例中致泻大肠埃希氏菌的感染情况、流行病学和病原学特征及耐药状况,为疾病防控及临床治疗提供依 据。 方法 通过收集三年大兴区辖区定点医院肠道门诊腹泻病人的粪便标本,依照GB4789.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》和WS271-2007《感染性腹泻诊断标准附录B.2 肠致泻性大肠杆菌检验》进行检验,在传统生化分离培养基础上采用实时荧光PCR方法对菌株进行鉴定,并对分离出的菌株做出分析。 结果 三年共检测标本1049件,检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌75株(7.15%),多数基因型别均有检出,肠道集聚性大肠埃希氏菌(EAEC,3.91%)检出率最高,其次为产肠毒素大肠埃希氏菌(ETEC,2.29%),有3株菌为双重菌合并感染,；1~10岁年龄组感染率最高(13.91%),年龄组别有统计学差异,男女感染无显著性差异；药敏试验结果耐药程度差异较大,耐药率最高的抗菌药物为红霉素(100%),其次为氨苄西林(87.1%)。结论 致泻大肠埃希氏菌在腹泻病人中感染率较高,其不同型别致病性、毒力、引起的症状均有不同,临床治疗也有差异,关注致泻大肠埃希氏菌感染情况更多要关注不同基因型别的感染状况,对预防和治疗意义更大。     

一起由金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的实验室诊断

目的对一起食物中毒进行相关样品的实验室检测,针对分离病原菌进行分子分型溯源和耐药分析。方法对可疑食品(冰激凌、牛奶)样品、患者呕吐物和粪便标本使用国家标准或其他方法进行沙门菌、志贺菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌和诺如病毒检测。对检出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素检测、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型和抗生素敏感性检测。结果从生产冰激凌剩余牛奶及冰激凌样品中检出金黄色葡萄球菌12株,患者呕吐物和粪便标本中检出4株,菌株均产生A+C+E混合型肠毒素,PFGE显示患者呕吐物、粪便、中毒同批冰激凌样品、生产冰激凌用牛奶中检出的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同源性为100.0%;药敏结果显示,这16株菌株均对青霉素和红霉素耐药。结论本起事件是由冰激凌加工点使用了被金黄色葡萄球菌污染且产生大量肠毒素的牛奶生产冰激凌所致。建议监管部门加强对农村食品小作坊、牛奶供应站等生产经营场所的监管,预防类似事件的发生。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.