p型微晶硅薄膜的沉积及其在微晶硅薄膜太阳电池中的应用

采用等离子体化学气相沉积（PECVD）方法制备了硼掺杂微晶硅薄膜和微晶硅薄膜太阳电池.研究了乙硼烷含量、p型膜厚度及沉积温度对硼掺杂薄膜生长特性和高沉积速率的电池性能的影响.通过对p型微晶硅薄膜沉积参数的优化,在本征层沉积速率为0.78nm/s的高沉积速率下,制备了效率为5.5%的单结微晶硅薄膜太阳电池.另外,对p型微晶硅薄膜的载流子疏输运机理进行了讨论.     

p型微晶硅薄膜的沉积及其在微晶硅薄膜太阳电池中的应用

采用等离子体化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法制备了硼掺杂微晶硅薄膜和微晶硅薄膜太阳电池.研究了乙硼烷含量、p型膜厚度及沉积温度对硼掺杂薄膜生长特性和高沉积速率的电池性能的影响.通过对p型微晶硅薄膜沉积参数的优化,在本征层沉积速率为0.78nm/s的高沉积速率下,制备了效率为5.5%的单结微晶硅薄膜太阳电池.另外,对P型微晶硅薄膜的载流子疏输运机理进行了讨论.     

晶体硅太阳电池减反射膜的研究

在太阳电池表面形成一层减反射薄膜是提高太阳电池的光电转换效率比较可行且降低成本的方法。应用PECVD（等离子体增强化学气相沉积）系统,采用SiH4和NH3气源以制备氮化硅薄膜。研究探索了PECVD生长氮化硅薄膜的基本物化性质以及在沉积过程中反应压强、反应温度、硅烷氨气流量比和微波功率对薄膜性质的影响。通过大量实验,分析了氮化硅薄膜的相对最佳沉积参数,并得出制作减反射膜的优化工艺。     

氢稀释对nc-Si∶H薄膜结构和光致发光的影响

基于X射线衍射仪、喇曼散射、光致发光(PL)和傅里叶红外吸收光谱等技术,详细研究了氢稀释比对纳米晶硅(nc-Si∶H)薄膜结构和光致发光性能的影响。随着氢稀释比的增加,所沉积薄膜的纳米晶硅尺寸单调减小,而晶化率提高。键合结构分析表明,随着氢稀释比增加,nc-Si∶H薄膜中氢含量和Si—H键密度均减小。综合在不同氢稀释比下纳米晶硅尺寸变化、PL峰位移动及PL峰强度变化等特征,nc-Si∶H室温PL光谱被归因于纳米晶硅的量子限制效应。当氢稀释比由96%增大至97%时,氢的钝化作用使PL峰强度升高;当进一步增加氢稀释比至98.5%时,由于H2的生成,使氢的钝化效果显著降低,导致PL峰强度降低。     

利用等离子增强化学汽相沉积生长初期快速结晶的纳米晶硅

成功地利用传统的等离子增强化学汽相沉积技术制备了纳米晶硅。为了提高生长初期的结晶速度,在PECVD设备和干法刻蚀设备中,利用H2/SF6等离子体对Si Nx薄膜表面进行处理。在制备纳米/微米晶粒结晶硅时常用的氢气稀释条件下,沉积得到了纳米晶硅。利用XRD和TEM观察了氢化纳米晶硅(nc-Si∶H)的微结构,发现实验成功得到了小于10 nm的晶体硅。为了检测结构和电学特性,测试了纳米晶硅薄膜的亮态和暗态电导率。室温下,电导率从非晶硅的10-10S/cm增加到10-5S/cm。     

非晶硅薄膜激光晶化及其结构分析

以射频(频率为13.6MHz)磁控溅射系统制备的非晶硅薄膜为前驱物,采用激光晶化技术实现从非晶硅薄膜到纳米晶硅薄膜的相变过程。采用拉曼光谱仪和高分辨透射电镜对激光晶化薄膜的组织结构进行了研究。结果表明:薄膜由非晶硅结构转变为微晶硅结构,微晶硅晶粒尺寸在纳米级。激光晶化存在一个最佳工艺参数,功率太高或太低都不利于晶化。     

PECVD法氮化硅薄膜制备工艺的研究

采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积法（PECVD）在单晶硅衬底上制备了氮化硅薄膜,分别使用膜厚仪、椭圆偏振仪等手段对薄膜的厚度、折射率等参数进行了表征。研究了硅烷氨气流量比、极板间距等工艺参数对氮化硅薄膜性能的影响,发现当硅烷氨气流量比增加时,薄膜厚度和折射率均随之增加,并发现退火工艺可以有效降低氮化硅薄膜的氢氟酸腐蚀速率。     

纳米硅层状薄膜及其p-i-n太阳能电池的研制

通过等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)法分别制备了本征、掺磷和掺硼的氢化纳米硅薄膜(nc-Si:H),并制备出纳米硅复合层状薄膜.对薄膜样品进行了喇曼(Raman)散射谱,X射线衍射等分析测试.结果表明:掺杂元素对纳米硅薄膜的晶态比和晶粒大小存在不同程度的影响;通过薄膜表面衍射(XRD)可得到硅的(111),(220)和(311)三个晶面衍射峰;并在制得的纳米硅复合层状薄膜的基础上,制备了结构为Al/ITO/n+-nc-Si:H/i-nc-Si:H/p-c-Si/Al/Ag的太阳能电池.该电池的开路电压、短路电流和填充因子与非晶硅太阳电池相比,均得到很大的提高.     

纳米硅层状薄膜及其p-i-n太阳能电池的研制

通过等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)法分别制备了本征、掺磷和掺硼的氢化纳米硅薄膜(nc-Si:H),并制备出纳米硅复合层状薄膜.对薄膜样品进行了喇曼(Raman)散射谱,X射线衍射等分析测试.结果表明:掺杂元素对纳米硅薄膜的晶态比和晶粒大小存在不同程度的影响;通过薄膜表面衍射(XRD)可得到硅的(111),(220)和(311)三个晶面衍射峰;并在制得的纳米硅复合层状薄膜的基础上,制备了结构为Al/ITO/n -nc-Si:H/i-nc-Si:H/p-c-Si/Al/Ag的太阳能电池.该电池的开路电压、短路电流和填充因子与非晶硅太阳电池相比,均得到很大的提高.     

非晶硅薄膜YAG激光微晶化晶粒生长研究

以单晶硅(111)为衬底,以等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术制备的非晶硅薄膜为前驱物,采用YAG激光晶化技术实现从非晶硅薄膜到纳米晶硅薄膜的相变过程。采用X射线衍射仪和原子力显微镜对YAG激光晶化薄膜进行了表征与分析。结果表明:薄膜的晶粒尺寸在纳米级;随着激光脉冲频率的增加,晶粒尺寸先变大后变小,其最佳结晶频率区间为10～12 Hz。     

Tera Tool [terahertz time-domain spectroscopy]

The terahertz differential time-domain spectroscopic method is applied to characterize the dielectric and optical properties of a variety of thin films at terahertz frequency. The results of several samples including silicon dioxide, parylene-n polymer film, tantalum oxide film, and protein thin layer samples were presented. The dielectric property of silicon dioxide thin film is well fitted to that of a bulk. The dielectric properties of parylene-n thin films show good agreement with the result measured by the goniometric terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The dielectric and optical properties of the tantalum oxide show reasonable data with previously available data. Some properties in thin films are slightly different from the bulk materials. The origin of this discrepancy is considered due to fine grain formation, mechanical stresses, formation of interfacial layers, or rough interfaces during thin-film deposition process. The terahertz differential time-domain spectroscopy may be applied to the measurement of the dielectric and optical properties of thin films (nanometer to micrometer) of several materials, which cannot be done by any other method.     

Modeling the growth of PECVD silicon nitride films for solar cellapplications using neural networks

Silicon nitride films grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are useful for a variety of applications, including anti-reflection coatings in solar cells, passivation layers, dielectric layers in metal/insulator structures, and diffusion masks, PECVD nitride films are known to contain hydrogen, and defect passivation by hydrogenation enhances efficiency in polycrystalline silicon solar cells. PECVD systems are controlled by many operating variables, including RF power, pressure, gas flow rate, reactant composition, and substrate temperature. The wide variety of processing conditions, as well as the complex nature of particle dynamics within a plasma, makes tailoring Si₃N₄ film properties very challenging, since it is difficult to determine the exact relationship between desired film properties and controllable deposition conditions. In this study, silicon nitride PECVD modeling using neural networks has been investigated. The deposition of Si₃N₄ was characterized via a central composite experimental design, and data from this experiment was used to train optimized feed-forward neural networks using the back-propagation algorithm. From these neural process models, the effect of deposition conditions on film properties has been studied. It was found that the process parameters critical to increasing hydrogenation and therefore enhancing carrier lifetime in polysilicon solar cells are temperature, silane, and ammonia flow rate. The deposition experiments were carried out in a Plasma Therm 700 series PECVD system     

Optical properties of PECVD dielectric thin films: thickness and deposition method dependence

Low-k dielectric carbon doped silicon dioxide films 105-1255 nm in thickness, prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) in a six-station sequential deposition system and in a single deposition station, have been investigated for their optical properties using an optical spectrometer coupled with a hot stage. A decrease in refractive index, n, for films with six sub-layers compared with films with a single layer of similar thickness has been observed. This decreased refractive index is thought to be caused by the different effect of crystallinity of the substrate, as a film interface effect is introduced due to the different deposition methods. Both types of PECVD thin films show an increasing refractive index with increasing thickness, which could be attributed to the increased effective density with the increased thickness indicated from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microstructure analysis. Cauchy dispersion function is found to be valid for films within all the thickness range and with different deposition methods from visible spectrum to IR spectrum. The refractive index is found to decrease as the temperature increases from 25 to 450 °C at a fixed wavelength for all the films.     

本征微晶硅薄膜的结构演变及其对太阳电池光伏性能的影响

采用高压射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)方法制备本征硅薄膜和n-i-P结构太阳电池,研究了氢稀释率对本征硅薄膜的电学特性和结构特性的影响.采用光发射谱(OES)和喇曼(Raman)散射光谱研究了处于过渡区的本征硅薄膜的纵向结构演变过程.结果表明:光发射谱和喇曼散射光谱可以作为研究硅薄膜的纵向结构演变有效手段.随着氢稀释率的增加,硅薄膜从非晶相向微晶相过渡时,其纵向结构的改变会严重影响硅薄膜太阳电池的光伏性能.     

Deposition,opto-electronic and structural characterization of polymorphous silicon thin films to be applied in a solar cell structure

In this study we analyze the optoelectronic properties and structural characterization of hydrogenated polymorphous silicon thin films as a function of the deposition parameters. The films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a gas mixture of argon (Ar), hydrogen (H₂) and dichlorosilane (SiH₂Cl₂). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and Raman measurements confirmed the existence of very different internal structures (crystalline fractions from 12% to 54%) depending on the growth parameters. Variations of as much as one order of magnitude were observed in both the photoconductivity and effective absorption coefficient between the samples deposited with different dichlorosilane/hydrogen flow rate ratios. The optical and transport properties of these films depend strongly on their structural characteristics, in particular the average size and densities of silicon nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous silicon matrix. From these results we propose an intrinsic polymorphous silicon bandgap grading thin film to be applied in a p–i–n junction solar cell structure. The different parts of the solar cell structure were proposed based on the experimental optoelectronic properties of the pm-Si:H thin films studied in this work.     

Nanocrystalline Si:H films made by inductively coupled plasma using internal low inductance antenna

P-type hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) thin films are prepared on glass substrate by an inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition system using multiple internal low inductance antenna units. The deposition rate as well as the microstructural and electrical properties of the nc-Si:H films are investigated systematically as functions of hydrogen dilution, discharge power and working distance. The effects of various process parameters are identified and rationalized. The applicability of this type of high density plasma to manufacture nc-Si:H films is critically assessed.     

a-Si:C:H and a-Si:N:H Thin Films Obtained by PECVD for Applications in Silicon Solar Cells

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon (a-Si:C:H) and hydrogenated silicon-nitrogen (a-Si:N:H) antireflective films were deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at 13.56 MHz in SiH₄ + CH₄ and SiH₄ + NH₃ gaseous mixtures of various compositions. The silicon and glass samples were investigated by optical spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A correlation between film properties and process parameters was found. The refractive index decreased and the energy gap increased with an increase of carbon and nitrogen in the films. For some process parameters, it was possible to obtain smooth, hydrogen rich, and homogeneous films of low reflectivity. The silicon solar cells with antireflective coatings revealed an increase in efficiency.     

等离子增强化学汽相淀积a-SiC:H簿膜的AES研究

用俄歇电子能谱(AES)对等离子增强化学汽相淀积(PECVD)氢化非晶碳化硅(a-SiC∶H)薄膜进行了组分的深度剖析、半定量分析以及化学分析.俄歇深度剖析曲线表明PECVD淀积的薄膜均匀性非常好;用俄歇半定量结果比较了薄膜成分同淀积工艺参量之间的一些关系;根据实验获得的Si LVV和CKLL俄歇谱比较和讨论了不同[Si]/[C]浓度比薄膜的化学特征.     

Effects of modulation frequency on the structure and electrical characteristics of μc-Si:H films prepared by pulsed VHF-PECVD

Modulation frequency and pulse duty cycle are two key parameters of pulsed VHF-PECVD technology. An experimental study on the mierocrystalline silicon materials prepared by pulsed VHF-PECVD technology in high deposition rate is presented. And combining the diagnosis of plasma process with optical emission spectroscopy （OES）, the dependence of microstructure and electrical properties of thin films on the pulse modulation frequency is discussed in detail.     

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition of fluorinated silicon dioxide films using novel alkylsilanes

Deposition processes and film properties of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) films derived from fluoroalkylsilanes are described. The fluorinated silicon dioxide (FSG) films have lower dielectric constants (3.3–3.7) than non-fluorinated silicon dioxide films (>4). With similar dielectric strengths, the reduced capacitance obtained with FSG films makes them useful as intermetal dielectrics (IMDs). The films are characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, ellipsometry and capacitance-voltage measurements. Characterisation of the changes in FSG upon exposure to ambient conditions and a method for stabilising the films are presented