应用固定化木瓜蛋白酶制备大豆肽的研究

以壳聚糖为载体,用戊二醛交联将木瓜蛋白酶固定化,研究水解大豆分离蛋白制备大豆肽的工艺条件,结果表明:固定化木瓜蛋白酶的表观米氏常数为8.9 mg/mL.固定化木瓜蛋白酶的最适温度为55℃,最适pH为7.8,最佳底物浓度为2.0～3.0 mg/mL,大豆分离蛋白的最佳流速为0.2 mL/min,大豆分离蛋白的水解率达到42.6%,酶解液中大豆肽含量为1.453 mg/mL.酶解液多肽分子质量大部分在10 ku以下.     

固定化胰蛋白酶制备大豆肽正交实验的研究

采用固定化胰蛋白酶水解大豆蛋白,对大豆蛋白的最佳预处理温度进行了探讨,并对制备大豆肽的工艺条件进行了正交实验。结果表明:大豆蛋白的最佳预处理温度为90℃;固定化胰蛋白酶的表观米氏常数为12.5mg/mL。影响酶水解反应显著性的顺序为:温度,pH值,底物浓度,流速;在底物浓度2.7 mg/mL、温度60℃、pH8.7、流速0.6mL/min的条件下,利用固定化胰蛋白酶制备大豆肽,酶解液中的可溶性蛋白含量最大为1.414mg/mL,水解度41.51%。     

应用双固定化酶制备大豆肽的研究

采用固定化胰蛋白酶和固定化木瓜蛋白酶分步对大豆分离蛋白进行水解，水解后酶解液中大豆肽含量为1．628～1．702mg／mL，水解度为54．4％～57．8％。多肽分子量在180以下水解度为11．1％～13．5％，181～2000为11．5％～14．5％，2000～5700为27．1％～27．2％，5700～10000为44．7％～49．6％。结果表明：双固定化酶对大豆分离蛋白的水解作用效率高，并能有效地将大豆分离蛋白降解为分子量更小的大豆肽。     

固定化木瓜蛋白酶制备大豆肽的研究

采用固定化木瓜蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白,对大豆分离蛋白的最佳预处理温度进行了探讨,并对制备大豆肽的工艺条件进行了正交实验.结果表明:大豆蛋白的最佳预处理温度为90℃;在底物浓度2.7 mg/mL、温度55℃、pH7.8、流速0.6 mL/min的条件下,利用固定化木瓜蛋白酶制备大豆肽,酶解液中的可溶性蛋白含量为1.384 mg/mL,水解度43.65%;影响酶水解反应的因素主次顺序为:pH＞温度＞底物浓度＞流速.     

Alcalase蛋白酶降解大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的研究

研究了不同酶解条件下 (pH值、温度、时间、加酶量和添加巯基还原剂 ) ,碱性内切蛋白酶Alcalase对大豆蛋白和大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的降解作用。研究结果表明 ,Alcalase可同时降解大豆蛋白和胰蛋白酶抑制剂。该酶解反应的最适条件为 :pH 8 0、温度 6 0℃、最适加酶量 10 μL/g蛋白 (约 0 0 2 832AU/ g蛋白 ) ,添加Na2 SO3为ω(Na2 SO3) =0 3% ,水解时间 4h。在此条件下 ,残留胰蛋白酶抑制活性为对照的 2 0 % ,可溶性蛋白含量可达 2 7mg/mL ,游离氨基酸含量为 7 1mg/mL ,大豆蛋白的水解度为 8 9%。还讨论了Alcalase蛋白酶降解大豆蛋白生成小肽的最佳反应条件     

大豆蛋白改性酶解制备大豆肽的研究

利用大豆蛋白改性酶水解大豆分离蛋白制备大豆肽,以单因素试验和正交试验确定酶解最佳条件,通过高效液相法分析大豆肽的分子量分布,并检测了大豆肽的体外抗氧化效果。结果显示：在20g/L的底物浓度下的最佳条件为酶和底物比8 000U/g、温度55℃、pH值7.5、水解时间5h,水解度为51.4%。大豆肽主要为130～1 000u的短肽,占肽总量的86.3%。大豆肽对超氧阴离子（O2·^-）和羟自由基（.OH）的半最大清除浓度分别为1.3mg/mL和8.0mg/mL。表明大豆蛋白改性酶对大豆分离蛋白的水解能力较强,大豆肽有较强的抗氧化功能。     

高收率低苦味值大豆低聚肽的制备

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,以酶解收率为指标对最优的酶解工艺进行研究。在单酶水解的基础上,用复合碱性蛋白酶,中性蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶进行水解,通过正交试验确定了复合酶的最佳水解条件为:碱性蛋白酶/中性蛋白酶/胰蛋白酶加酶1∶2∶3,温度50℃,酶解时间4.5h,在此最佳条件下,酶解收率为86.76%,大豆低聚肽含量为93.49%,苦味值比单酶水解明显降低。     

大豆11S球蛋白水解肽的制备及抗氧化研究

以大豆11S球蛋白为原料,通过胰蛋白酶水解制备活性肽,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法确定最佳酶解条件,并检测大豆肽溶液的体外抗氧化性。结果表明,底物浓度2 mg/mL时的最佳水解条件为:酶和底物比4 900 U/g,pH8.1,温度44℃,水解时间2.6 h,此条件下经验证试验得到大豆肽的水解度为89.25%。大豆肽溶液对超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)和羟自由基(·OH)都具有良好的清除效果,随着大豆肽溶液浓度的增加,O_2~-·和·OH的清除率也随之增加。当肽液浓度为12 mg/mL时,对O_2~-·的清除率最高达到46.86%;当肽液浓度为0.5 mg/mL时对·OH的清除率最高,达到33.73%。     

中性蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白的工艺优化

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,利用中性蛋白酶水解法制备活性多肽,并对影响中性蛋白酶水解过程的各个因素进行研究.通过测定大豆分离蛋白酶解液氨基态氮含量,确定中性蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白制备活性多肽的的最佳工艺条件:最适pH为7.0,最适温度为45℃,最适酶量为0.80%(w/w),最适底物浓度为6.0%(w/w).在此水解条件下水解大豆分离蛋白4 h,酶解液氨基态氮含量达到1761.38 mg/kg.     

固定化胰蛋白酶水解花生蛋白制备多肽的研究

以海藻酸钠为载体,戊二醛为交联剂固定化胰蛋白酶,考察固定化工艺的选择、固定化酶水解花生蛋白的优化条件及固定化酶的稳定性。结果表明：海藻酸钠固定化胰蛋白酶的最佳条件为：海藻酸钠浓度3％、加酶量4％、戊二醛浓度3％、氯化钙浓度0．2mol／L。此条件下酶活力回收率为50．34％。水解花生蛋白的最佳条件为：固液化1：20、pH7．5、温度60℃、时间6h、加酶量5％,此条件下氨基氮含量最高为1．57mg／ml。固定化酶重复使用7次,酶活力仍保持50％以上。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.