改性纳米CaCO3分散体系稳定性和扩展DLVO理论

通过对分散体系黏度、固含量及Zeta电位的测定,探讨了表面改性过程的超声预处理、反应温度、改性剂用量及体系pH值等因素对改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系稳定性的影响.结果表明,对纳米CaCO3水相分散体系进行超声预处理15min,以铝锆有机金属络合物偶联剂为改性剂,其质量分数为2.5%,同时控制改性体系的pH值为9时,改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的黏度较小,固含量较大,分散稳定性较佳.利用扩展DLVO理论对分散体系的稳定机理进行探讨,认为改性纳米CaCO3水相分散稳定性的改善主要归因于偶联剂在纳米颗粒表面的吸附使得空间位阻效应变大,从而空间位阻势能增大.     

改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系流变行为及其流变参数拟合(Ⅱ)——固含量和pH值对分散体系流变行为的影响

采用铝锆偶联剂对纳米CaCO3进行表面改性,着重探讨体系固含墩和pH值对改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系流变行为的影响,并借助非牛顿流体模型实现流变参数的拟合.结果表明,随着改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系固含量的增加,分散体系的流动性相对变筹.当改性纳米CaCO3分散体系同含量为10%时,拟合分析得到分散体系的屈服应力和零剪切黏度分别为1.254 Pa和0.1043 Pa·s;增加分散体系固含量至40%时,分散体系的屈服应力和零剪切黏度增大至7.563 Pa和146.0 Pa·8.当改性纳米CaCO3分散体系固含量为10%时,对于pH值为7的分散体系,拟合分析得到的屈服应力为1.879 Pa,而pH值为9的分散体系的屈服应力为1.250 Pa,这说明适宜的体系pH值有利于提高分散体系的稳定性和流动性.     

改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系流变行为及其流变参数拟合(Ⅰ)——铝锆偶联剂用量对分散体系流变行为的影响

采用铝锆偶联剂对纳米CaCO,进行表面改性,对改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的流变数据进行测定,并借助非牛顿流体模型实现流变参数的拟合.结果表明,在低剪切速率下,改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的表观黏度随着剪切速率的增大而下降,即剪切变稀,呈现假塑性流体特性;在高剪切速率下,随着剪切速率的增大,分散体系的表观黏度变化很小.呈现近牛顿型流体特性.采用铝锆偶联剂对纳米CaCO3,进行表面改性,可明显改善纳米CaCO3在水相体系中的流动性,使屈服应力、零剪切黏度及极限黏度都明显减小.根据Herschel-Bulkley模型拟合结果,未经表面改性的纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的流动特性指数和屈服应力分别为1.489和2.767 Pa,呈现剪切变稠流动趋势,表明分散体系的不稳定性,部分粒子发牛团聚;而经2.0%铝锆偶联剂改性的纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的流动特性指数和屈服应力分别为0.880和1.250 Pa,呈现明显的假塑性流体特性,分散体系流动性较好.     

纳米CaCO3用于颜料化表面施胶的研究

通过与淀粉、淀粉+GCC两种施胶液进行对比,探讨了纳米CaCO3在纸张表面施胶中的应用效果。结果表明,分散好的纳米CaCO3通过表面施胶在纸张表面形成的膜连续性好,纸张表面很平整。与未经表面施胶的原纸相比,使用含纳米CaCO3的施胶液表面施胶后纸张的施胶度略有提高,平滑度上升的幅度达到56.1%,抗张强度提高了12.0%,表面强度和油墨吸收性都得到了显著的改善,白度和不透明度有所下降。     

纳米CaCO3的表面改性及在水中的分散性能

利用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性纳米CaCO3.对改性前后的纳米CaC03进行了FT-IR光谱分析和透射电镜观察,测定了沉降体积、表观黏度、浊度和颗粒粒度分布,对其在水中的分散性能进行了评价.结果表明,经表面改性后,纳米CaCO3在水中的润湿性及分散稳定性有很大改善.     

纳米复合染整助剂

对纳米复合染整助剂的制备条件、技术、检测方法及应用方法进行了综述.认为使用特殊的表面活性剂或其它化合物将无机物纳米粒子分散于水中是制备纳米复合染整助剂的关键.分散剂、电解质和pH值等对纳米粒子在液相中的分散稳定性具有明显的影响.研磨、球磨、砂磨、高速搅拌和超声波分散等手段有利于纳米粒子分散液的稳定性和应用性能的提高.此外,一些化学改性方法也可以被用来改善纳米粒子分散液的质量.扫描电镜、激光粒度分析法和紫外光谱分析等方法能够用于纳米粒子分散特性分析和检测.采用浸渍法、浸轧法和涂层法等可以把纳米复合染整助剂应用于纺织物的染整加工中.     

含有改性纳米CaCO3的纸张涂料的流变行为

以阳离子表面活性剂、偶联剂及脂肪酸为表面改性剂获得表面性能不同的3种纳米CaCO3改性产品。用透射电镜桨相关化学分析方法表征了改性纳米CaCO3的界面行为。将改性纳米CaCO3加入纸张涂料体系中,制得不同配方的纸张涂料,并对涂料的静态流动性能和动态黏弹性进行了研究。结果表明,与加入普通CaCO3的传统涂料相比,含纳米CaCO3的纸张涂料具有较高的表观黏度、动态弹性模量和黏性模量,相位角则较低。表面亲油疏水的纳米CaCO3能够很好地与胶乳、增稠剂等聚合物胶体结合,弹性模量较大;而表面亲水的纳米CaCO3所制得的纸张涂料动态黏弹性较小。     

高岭土分散液流变性的初步研究

对2种高岭土(MMO1和Premium)的流变性进行了研究,探讨了固含量、分散剂用量以及pH值对颜料分散液高剪切黏度的影响。结果表明,MMO1的最佳分散剂用量为0.15%,Premium的最佳分散剂用量为0.10%;要获得较好的高剪切特性,MMO1分散液pH值应调至8.0以上,但不应太高,Premium分散液pH值也应调至8.6左右较好。MMO1的固含量控制在68%左右较合适。而Premium固含量对高剪切黏度的影响较MMO1的明显,其分散液固含量一般控制在69%~70%。     

油墨分散体系黏度数学模型研究

油墨是由颜料粒子、连结料和助剂通过研磨混合形成的一种分散体系,表现出极其复杂的流变学性能.油墨分散体系的黏度与颜料粒子的体积浓度及其分散状态、受到的剪切作用等因素有关.本文在实验研究的基础上,通过对实验测试数据进行统计分析、整理、研究,选择适当的变量代换,利用多次分步非线性回归的数学方法,建立油墨分散体系黏度与颜料粒子体积浓度和剪切速率之间关系的数学模型,并进行了分析和检验.油墨分散体系黏度数学模型的数学性质符合典型的分散体系的流变学特征,满足Casson方程.模型黏度曲线与实验测试结果的拟合程度是理想的.     

氧化锌抗菌聚酯的制备及其性能

将纳米ZnO分散在乙二醇(EG)溶液中制成ZnO-EG分散液，然后采用原位聚合法将单体精对苯二甲酸(PTA)、EG和ZnO-EG分散液进行酯化缩聚得到抗菌改性聚酯。分析抗菌改性聚酯的聚合工艺过程，采用激光粒度分析仪对ZnO-EG分散液的粒径分布进行表征；通过偏光显微镜和DSC对抗菌改性聚酯的切片形貌和熔点进行分析，并对抗菌改性聚酯的色值、特性黏度、端羧基含量、二甘醇含量以及抗菌性能进行测定。结果表明：湿法研磨制得的纳米氧化锌分散液粒径明显小于磁力搅拌所制得，且随着湿法研磨时间的增加，分散液粒径呈现先减小后增大的趋势；当抗菌聚酯的ZnO质量分数为0.5%,特性黏度为0.687 dL/g时，纳米ZnO抗菌剂在聚酯中没有发生明显团聚而形成凝集粒子，且均匀分散在聚酯切片中；纳米ZnO抗菌剂的加入使抗菌聚酯的色值偏向光亮黄绿色，抗菌聚酯对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌率分别为92%、99%和78%,具有较好的抗菌性能。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.