酱油在膳食营养中的作用

酱油在膳食营养中的作用朱史齐（上海海鸥酿造公司）．浙江调味品，１９９５．２，１４—１３酱油在膳食调味品中起到色、香、味、体的作用。由于酱油中富含人体必需的营养素按国家推荐酱油摄入量１５～２０ｍｌ（人／日）计算，从酱油中摄入营养素及占人类所需日摄入营养...     

营养素及相关物质风险评估

营养素物质摄入超过某个上限值时,也能导致不良健康作用,其潜在危害可以通过风险评估描述.但一定量的营养素摄入又是机体正常功能所必需的,新的评估模型应充分考虑营养素物质的特殊性.目前,安全摄入上限(UL)法是国际上广泛接受的营养素物质风险评估方法.对于尚未发现不良作用的营养素物质,FAO/WHO提出了所观察到的最高摄入量(HOI)的概念.对于不存在无风险摄入量水平、风险摄入量水平与生物所需摄入量水平有重叠的营养素物质,亟待在UL法的基础上进一步研究其风险评估方法.本文就上述各类营养素物质的风险评估做一简要综述.     

孕产妇乳粉配方设计及生产的研究

根据孕产妇所处不同时期的营养需求,按中国居民膳食参考摄入量要求,在充分考虑每日餐食所摄入营养素种类与数量的基础上,设计生产出适用于不同时期的专用配方乳粉,以补充孕产妇在不同时期每日营养需求的不足或平衡膳食需求。     

孕中期女性营养素补充剂使用状况分析

目的：了解孕期女性在怀孕期间各种营养素补充剂的使用情况,为进一步针对孕期营养指导和干预提供科学依据。方法：在北京医院产科常规查体的孕妇在孕22w记录3d的饮食记录,其中包含营养素补充剂的使用情况。计算出3d饮食及营养素补充剂中主要营养素的摄入量等。结果：孕期多种营养素补充剂的使用率均超过50％（其中钙62．7％、铁56．9％、锌55．6％、维生素A54．2％、B族维生素56．2％）,钙的摄入量仍然偏低,平均为891．39±359．93mg／d,其它主要营养素的摄入量均达到推荐摄入量;但没有使用孕期营养素补充剂的孕妇,除了维生素c以外,多数营养素均低于中国居民膳食推荐摄入量。结论：营养素补充剂在孕妇每日饮食摄入中占据重要作用,孕期应合理补充。     

126例维持性血液透析患者膳食调查

目的:通过膳食调查了解维持性血液透析患者饮食结构和膳食摄入量,评估各膳食营养素摄入量对血液透析患者营养需求的满足程度,为合理营养干预提供依据。方法:本课题以我国慢性肾脏病蛋白营养治疗共识(2005)及欧洲肠外肠内营养学会(ESPEN)的膳食指南为推荐量,采用24h膳食回顾法调查血透患者连续3d膳食摄入情况,分析食物来源和饮食结构,评价每日食物及每日营养素摄入量,比较各营养素摄入量与推荐量的差异性。结果:根据食物分类,血透患者日均摄入量排在前三位分别是蔬菜类(247.5g,占34%)、谷类(209g,占28.7%)和水果类(71.5g,占9.8%),排在末三位分别是鱼类、豆类、蛋类(13.7g,占1.9%;22.2g,占3.0%;27.6g,占3.9%);动物性食物是蛋白质摄入的主要食物来源(占62%),植物性食物是钙、铁摄入的主要食物来源(占53%和69%);与推荐量相比,血透患者除了维生素E和钠的摄入量大于推荐量外,日均总热卡和三大产热营养素(蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物)摄入量低于推荐量;部分维生素(维生素C、维生素B1、B2、B6)和部分矿物质(锌、硒、铁等)摄入量低于推荐量(P0.05)。结论:血透患者普遍存在膳食摄入不足的问题,大部分膳食营养素摄入量不能满足血透患者营养需求,建议加强饮食指导和营养支持。     

酵母抽提物及其在调味品中的应用

一直以来,味精作为主要的调味品之一,能够增加食品的鲜味,但是味精对人体没有直接的营养价值,并且味精的呈味作用必须依赖盐的存在,而我国居民每人每日标准食盐摄入量远超世界卫生组织的建议摄盐量.我公司自主研发的酵母抽提物食品添加剂,可满足消费者对健康和天然的需求,将为中国乃至世界整个调味品行业提供更天然、更绿色、更安全的高品质食品增鲜剂,减少人们对味精以及盐的摄取量,对提升全球消费者的健康指数有着深远的意义.     

安阳工学院在校大学生膳食营养状况调查

通过对安阳工学院在校大学生进行膳食调查,了解大学生膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为开展大学生膳食营养教育和指导合理膳食提供科学依据.大学生膳食结构与“中国居民平衡膳食宝塔”(2007年发布)相比,谷类摄入量偏高,而畜禽肉类、水果、蔬菜类、奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低.膳食结构因不同性别而存在的差异有统计学意义.安阳工学院学生营养状况欠佳,应重视营养教育与宣传,提高在校大学生营养健康水平.     

营养毒理学研究进展与展望

营养毒理学是营养学与毒理学交叉融合形成的一门新学科,主要研究营养素过量对人体的不良作用及其可耐受最高摄入量的制定、营养素对毒物毒性及其代谢过程的影响、膳食来源的有毒有害物质对营养素代谢和营养过程的影响以及营养素/食物(成分)的风险-收益评估等,并在此基础上提出相应的预防控制措施。经过30多年的发展,营养毒理学的学科体系不断完善,在保障食品安全,促进人类健康方面将发挥越来越大的作用。     

四川2014年营养与食品学术年会圆满召开

<正>11月30日,四川省营养与食品科学技术年会在成都市蓉城饭店东会议室顺利召开。此次会议由四川省食品科学技术学会、四川省营养学会主办,四川省食品科学技术学会调味品专业委员会和果蔬贮藏与加工专业委员会、四川省营养学会烹饪营养专委会承办。本次会议的主题是"营养·食品·安全·健康"。会议邀请了国内营养学界和食品行业的知名专家和学者进行专题报告,重点介绍国内外膳食营养素参考摄入量和食品科技领域的最新研究进展,同时进行食品与营养科研成果交     

蚌埠市某重点中学高三学生膳食营养调查

采用问卷法对蚌埠市某重点中学高三学生进行膳食营养调查。计算出每人每日热量和营养素的摄入量,并依据中国居民平衡膳食宝塔和中国营养学会制定的居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）进行营养状况评价。调查结果表明,学生的膳食结构以粮谷类为主,能量、膳食纤维、钙、铁、锌、维生素A摄入量偏低,脂肪、维生素C、维生素E摄入充足。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.