酶法制备豆皮低聚木糖的工艺研究

利用木聚糖酶酶解豆皮制备低聚木糖,通过单因素试验考察酶解温度、pH 值、时间、料液比以及酶添加量对酶解液中低聚木糖含量的影响,并在此基础上通过正交试验确立最佳酶解工艺条件：酶添加量0.3%、pH4.3、料液比1:15(g/mL)、温度40℃、酶解时间2h。该最佳工艺条件下,总还原还原糖含量为5.74mg/mL。通过离子色谱检测酶解液中的糖分组成,发现酶解液中的单糖以木糖为主,相对含量达到54.99%。     

超声波-复合酶法制备玉米秸秆低聚木糖工艺优化

以玉米秸秆为原料,利用超声波-复合酶法制备低聚木糖,研究超声波温度、超声处理时间、复合酶比例、复合酶添加量、酶解时间对低聚木糖制备的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方案对制备条件进行优化,得出制备玉米秸秆低聚木糖的最佳工艺参数为:超声温度56℃,超声处理时间40min,添加0.8%(以玉米秸秆计)复合酶(木聚糖酶和纤维素酶按照2∶1的比例组成)并酶解30 min,在此条件下,酶解液中(以玉米秸秆计)还原糖含量为36.43mg/g、可溶性总糖含量为74.32mg/g、平均聚合度为2.04。高效液相色谱法成分分析得出低聚木糖糖液的主要成分是木二糖和木三糖。     

麦草热水预水解过程产物分析及木糖生成模型

为了探究麦草热水预水解过程中产物的生成变化规律,分别采用离子色谱和高效液相色谱检测预水解液中糖类(阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和木糖)和发酵抑制物(甲酸、乙酸、5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛)的含量,分析了单因素实验中糖类和发酵抑制物的生成变化规律;同时采用响应面法对影响麦草热水预水解液中木糖生成的固液比、水解温度和水解时间进行了优化研究,建立了木糖生成量的二次多项式数学模型。结果表明,在固液比1∶11.67、水解时间57.76 min和水解温度173.96℃的条件下,木糖的生成量达到最高,为83.91 mg/g麦草。     

水热耦合稀乙酸拆解杨木纤维的条件优化及表征

采用水热耦合稀乙酸预处理技术对速生杨木进行拆解,研究了乙酸质量分数、固液比、温度及反应时间对杨木木糖去除率和纤维素拆解分离得率的影响规律。结果表明,在乙酸质量分数0.5%、固液比1∶20、温度170℃、反应时间30 min条件下,木糖去除率为92.9%,纤维素拆解分离得率为94.0%。通过对水热残渣和预处理液的结构与成分分析,表明水热耦合稀乙酸预处理是一种温和的拆解分离方法,其主要去除杨木纤维中半纤维素的木糖成分,将大部分木糖转化为低聚木糖,同时对纤维素和木质素的破坏较小,从而保护纤维素、提高纤维素酶的可及度。     

超声波辅助复合酶法制备玉米芯低聚木糖

以玉米芯为原料,采用超声波辅助复合酶法制备低聚木糖。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对超声波辅助复合酶法制备玉米芯低聚木糖工艺进行优化。结果表明,低聚木糖的最佳制备工艺条件为超声温度60℃,超声功率300 W,由木聚糖酶和纤维素酶按照3:2的比例组成复合酶添加量1.0%,酶解20 min,料液比为1:15(g/mL)。在此条件下,酶解液中以玉米芯计还原糖含量为43.61 mg/g,可溶性总糖含量为75.01 mg/g,平均聚合度为1.72。     

杨木短时水热处理脱除半纤维素和木质素

对木质纤维素进行水热处理,能够使半纤维素和木质素有效分离进而实现高值利用。本研究探索杨木在温度180~200℃、时间5-10 min的连续多次短时水热处理(SHT),结果表明,半纤维素木糖产率与处理温度正相关,在200℃、5 min条件下2次处理达到最高产量,每吨杨木产出42.7千克木糖,溶出率31.3%。短时水热处理过程中木质素同样大量溶出,在200℃、5 min条件下3次处理,木质素溶出产量达101.1千克/吨木材,溶出率37.6%。与长时间水热处理方式相比,SHT能够更快溶出更多的木质素,这可能与SHT木质素缩合程度低有关。     

酶解条件对麦麸低聚木糖含量及其性质的影响

采用酶法水解麦麸水不溶性阿拉伯木聚糖制备低聚木糖,研究酶解温度、酶解时间和加酶量对低聚木糖含量及其糖组成、平均聚合度以及益生元活性的影响。结果表明:随着酶解时间由1h延长至2 h、酶解温度由40℃增加至50℃和加酶量由0.125 g/L增加至1 g/L时,低聚木糖含量增加,平均聚合度减小,木二糖、木三糖和木四糖的相对含量比值减小;不同酶解条件下得到的低聚木糖培养青春双歧杆菌的菌体浓度含量均有不同程度的增加;青春双歧杆菌代谢不同酶解条件下得到的低聚木糖发酵液中代谢产物均含乳酸、乙酸和丙酸,乙酸含量最高,其产酸量变化趋势与菌体浓度和低聚木糖含量相一致,与低聚木糖平均聚合度相反。当酶解温度50℃,酶解时间2 h和加酶量1 g/L时,低聚木糖含量达到最大为101 mg/g,平均聚合度降至最小3.23,木二糖、木三糖和木四糖的相对含量比值也最小,菌体浓度增值倍数达到最大为5.65倍。     

利用玉米芯制备对香豆酸和低聚木糖的研究

采用氢氧化钙代替氢氧化钠从玉米芯中提取对香豆酸,而后采用酶法水解残渣制备低聚木糖。提取对香豆酸的最佳工艺为：料液比（玉米芯∶提取液）1∶10,氢氧化钙用量0.1g/g玉米芯,室温下提取24h。在此条件下,对香豆酸提取率为10.66mg/g。提取对香豆酸后的残渣用清水洗至中性,在料液比1∶15（玉米芯∶提取液）的条件下,用木聚糖酶酶解,经响应面实验得其最佳工艺条件：酶添加量8g/L、温度55℃、pH5.0、时间8h。在此条件下,酶解产生的还原糖含量为155.84mg/g,可溶性总糖含量为379.61mg/g,平均聚合度为2.43。     

酸催化水解处理甘蔗叶提取木糖的研究

为了从蒸汽爆破预处理后得到的甘蔗叶中提取木糖,采用酸催化水解法处理甘蔗叶研究了提取木糖过程中各因素对木糖溶出量的影响。结果表明,木糖得率随硫酸浓度先增大后减小,随液料比增大而增大,随反应时间延长先增大后减小,随水解温度增高,先增大后减小。最佳酸解工艺条件是,硫酸浓度2%,反应时间2 h,反应温度100℃,液料比是11:1(v/w)。     

响应面优化微波结合木聚糖酶制备稻壳低聚木糖工艺研究

为研究微波预处理结合木聚糖酶制备稻壳低聚木糖,在微波功率、微波时间、酶解温度、酶解时间以及料液比5个单因素试验对稻壳低聚木糖提取量影响的基础上,利用Box-Behnken试验设计,采用响应面分析对稻壳低聚木糖的制备工艺进行优化。结果表明,稻壳低聚木糖制备的最佳条件为微波功率640 W,微波时间3.2 min,酶解温度59 ℃,酶解时间3 h,料液比1∶15（g∶mL）。在此优化条件下,制备得到的低聚木糖含量为4.94 mg/g,实际测定结果与理论值的相对误差为1.2%,说明响应面法优化制备稻壳低聚木糖合理可行。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.