超声辅助提取盐碱地苦菜多酚及其抗氧化活性研究

以总多酚提取率为指标,采用单因素及正交试验优化苦菜多酚的提取工艺条件;以自由基清除率为指标,用抗坏血酸作对照品,研究苦菜多酚的抗氧化活性。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为超声功率为150 W、乙醇浓度60%、超声温度55℃、超声时间40 min、料液比1∶50 (g/mL)、提取3次。在该工艺条件下,苦菜多酚的提取率为65.3 mg/g。苦菜多酚对DPPH·清除作用的IC50值为1.44μg/mL,对·OH清除作用的IC50值为83.72μg/mL,其清除能力均强于抗坏血酸,表明盐碱地苦菜多酚有较好的抗氧化活性。     

溪黄草多酚的超声提取及其抗氧化性的研究

采用正交实验设计对溪黄草多酚的超声提取工艺条件进行优化。通过Folin-Ciocalteu法对提取液的总酚进行测定。考查了乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、超声功率、提取时间等五个因素对溪黄草多酚超声提取率。结果表明:溪黄草多酚超声提取的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数60%,料液比(g:mL)1:10,提取温度40℃,超声功率250W,提取时间25min,在最佳工艺条件下多酚提取率达6.81%±0.11%。DPPH抗氧化实验结果显示溪黄草多酚具有明显的DPPH自由基清除能力,其IC50值为38.47μg/mL。     

龙须菜多酚提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性

以龙须菜为原料,研究超声波辅助提取龙须菜多酚的工艺条件及其抗氧化活性。单因素考察液料比、提取温度、超声时间对龙须菜多酚含量的影响,在此基础上,利用响应面分析法优化提取工艺。结果表明,液料比40:1(mL/g)、提取温度60℃、超声时间40min为龙须菜多酚提取最佳工艺条件(龙须菜多酚提取量为1.62 mg GAE/g)。体外抗氧化活性研究表明,龙须菜多酚具有一定清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基的能力,其IC_(50)值分别为56.67,18.78μg/mL,分别相当于15.89,536.4μg/mL的抗坏血酸。     

超声辅助提取苦荞芽多酚及其抗氧化活性分析

优化了超声波辅助提取苦荞芽中多酚类物质的工艺条件,并采用ABTS和DPPH自由基清除率法检测了苦荞芽多酚提取物的抗氧化活性。研究结果表明,苦荞芽多酚的最佳提取条件为:甲醇体积分数60%、超声时间30 min、超声温度50℃、料液比1:50 g/mL,在该条件下苦荞芽多酚的提取量可达72.82 mg/g。抗氧化活性测定结果表明,苦荞芽多酚提取物对ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基均有较强的清除能力,其半抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为119.26、205.24μg/mL。     

西柚皮多酚提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以西柚皮为原料进行多酚的提取,并测定提取物的抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验结合正交试验对西柚皮多酚的超声辅助提取工艺进行优化,利用铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法测定提取物总抗氧化能力,用邻二氮菲法测定羟基自由基清除能力。研究结果表明,西柚皮中多酚的最佳提取工艺条件为提取时间60 min、提取温度60℃、乙醇体积分数40%、料液比1∶50(g/mL),该条件下西柚皮多酚提取率为（19.70±0.12）mg/g。抗氧化试验结果表明,西柚皮多酚总抗氧化能力为（0.86±0.02）μmol/L,羟基自由基清除率为（20.34±0.30）%。     

菠萝蜜果肉多酚提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

采用超声-微波协同技术(UMAE)对菠萝蜜果肉中多酚的提取工艺进行优化,并对抗氧化活性进行了评价。以单因素试验为基础,根据Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理,选取乙醇体积分数、料液比、微波功率和提取时间进行4因素3水平响应曲面分析,建立多酚提取率的二次多项数学模型,分析各因素的显著性和交互作用,得到多酚提取工艺的最佳条件为:乙醇体积分数58%,料液比1︰26(g/mL),微波功率64 W,微波时间383 s。在此条件下,多酚提取率为7.23 mg/g。抗氧化活性研究表明,菠萝蜜果肉多酚提取物对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基均有较强的清除能力,呈量效关系,其EC_(50)分别为152.64μg/mL和169.77μg/mL。     

木豆叶球松素的超声提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

在考察单因素(甲醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度和料液比)实验条件对木豆叶中球松素提取率影响的基础上,采用正交实验设计法优化得到球松素的最佳提取工艺条件,同时通过DPPH自由基清除实验评价了提取物的抗氧化活性.结果表明,木豆叶中球松素超声提取的最佳工艺条件为,甲醇提取浓度80％,提取时间60min,提取温度50℃,料液比1∶40(g/mL),球松素的提取率可达到1.832mg/g;甲醇提取物清除自由基的IC50值为0.281 mg/mL.本研究建立的木豆叶中球松素的超声提取工艺具有提取效率高、操作简便等优点,适合木豆叶中球松素的提取,且甲醇提取物具有良好的抗氧化活性.     

超声波辅助纤维素酶解法优化毛果鱼藤总黄酮的提取工艺及抗氧化活性

采用超声波辅助纤维素酶法优化毛果鱼藤总黄酮的提取工艺,并研究其抗氧化活性。在单因素实验基础上,通过Box-Behnken进行实验设计,获得最优提取条件,提高毛果鱼藤总黄酮提取率;采用羟基自由基、DPPH自由基清除法和总还原力测定抗氧化活性。结果表明:总黄酮最佳提取工艺为纤维素酶质量分数0.31%,乙醇体积分数85%,液料比为40:1 m L/g,超声时间为37min,酶解时间2 h,酶解温度49.2℃;在最优条件下,提取率为30.364 mg/g。毛果鱼藤总黄酮清除羟基自由基及DPPH自由基的IC50为1.17 mg/m L和0.18 mg/m L。超声波辅助纤维素酶法对毛果鱼藤总黄酮的提取率显著增加,且毛果鱼藤总黄酮具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

超声辅助乙醇提取海带多酚工艺优化及抗氧化活性

探究超声辅助乙醇提取海带多酚的工艺条件,选取超声温度、料液比、超声时间和乙醇浓度为试验因子,研究不同工艺参数对海带多酚提取量的影响,并采用响应面法优化海带多酚的提取工艺,通过测定其对DPPH自由基及ABTS的清除作用,评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,超声辅助乙醇提取海带多酚的最佳工艺条件为:超声温度65.0℃、料液比1∶28(g/mL)、超声时间45min、乙醇浓度75%,在此条件下海带多酚提取率为2.118 mg/g,接近模型预测值2.139 mg/g。海带多酚对DPPH自由基和ABTS的清除率分别为68.87%和49.73%,IC_(50)相应为81.119μg/mL和222.224μg/mL,其清除能力与多酚浓度之间呈一定的正相关关系,海带多酚具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。超声波辅助乙醇提取海带中多酚的方法可行、可靠,试验为海带生物活性成分的高效制备与抗氧化剂的深度开发提供了理论依据。     

山药皮中黄酮、多酚提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

为研究山药皮黄酮、多酚的高效提取工艺及其粗提物的抗氧化能力,以山药皮为原料,采用正交法优化超声辅助乙醇提取山药皮中的黄酮、多酚工艺,并对粗提物进行抗氧化活性测定。结果表明：山药皮中黄酮、多酚提取工艺的最佳提取条件为超声时间30 min、乙醇浓度60%、液固比60∶1（mL/g）,在此条件下,黄酮得率为0.929%,多酚得率为0.519%。在一定浓度范围内,粗提物的抗氧化能力随着质量浓度的增加而增强,粗提物具有良好的羟自由基清除作用（IC50 值为0.083 mg/mL）,具有一定的DPPH 自由基清除作用（IC50 值为0.158 mg/mL）,当粗提物质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL 时,其羟自由基清除率、DPPH 自由基清除率、还原力和抗氧化能力分别为81.84%、79.95%、0.70 和0.68。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.