煤气化发电联产干冰与CO_2捕集封存技术的研究

以我国低碳和强化低碳模式,对煤气化发电CO2零排放工艺技术进行了对比和研究;从化学反应、工艺流程、工程应用等方面介绍了干粉煤气化发电同电解水制氢副产干冰CO2零排放工艺技术和煤气化联合循环发电(IGCC)CO2捕集埋藏工艺技术;对我国能源和环境安全的可持续发展提出了相关建议,指出煤气化联产干冰CO2零排放工艺技术是达到CO2零排放,实现煤炭清洁发电的有效途径。     

结合二氧化碳强化采油,提高IGCC竞争力

整体煤气化联合循环（简称IGCC）发电和多联产系统是有效地利用煤炭能源并解决环保和可持续发展的煤炭综合利用技术。IGCC发电具有超低的硫、氮排放，并有发电效率高、水耗小等优点，与未来CO2近零排放、氢能经济等长远发展目标相容，成为最受关注的洁净煤电技术发展方向之一。     

清洁煤发电的CCS和IGCC联产技术

煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术是煤气化和燃气—蒸汽联合循环的结合,是当今国际正在兴起的一种先进的洁净煤(CCT)发电技术,其具有高效、低污染、节水、综合利用好等优点。碳捕捉及封存技术(CCS)和整体煤气化联合循环技术(IGCC)被认为是最有潜力的技术。介绍了整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)系统、构成及发展现状,总结了二氧化碳的收集方式和封存方法。指出了成本问题是困扰CCS和IGCC的联产应用的主要障碍,并提出了几点发展措施。     

清洁煤发电的CCS和IGCC联产技术

煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术是煤气化和燃气一蒸汽联合循环的结合,是当今国际正在兴起的一种先进的洁净煤(CCT)发电技术,具有高效、低污染、节水、综合利用好等优点。碳捕捉及封存技术(CCS)和整体煤气化联合循环技术(IGCC)被认为是最有潜力的技术。介绍了整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)系统、构成及发展现状,总结了二氧化碳的收集方式和封存方法。指出了成本问题是困扰CCS和IGCC的联产应用的主要障碍,并提出了几点发展措施。     

燃烧前CO_2捕集技术在IGCC发电中的应用

由于整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电本身的技术特点,使得其非常适合于进行燃烧前CO2捕集。针对IGCC特点,提出了一种MDEA脱酸气结合湿法氧化法硫回收的燃烧前CO2捕集流程。通过模拟计算,验证了流程的可行性。将其与IGCC发电系统集成,对比计算了有无燃烧前CO2捕集的IGCC系统供电效率等相关参数,燃烧前CO2捕集使IGCC供电效率降低约10个百分点。分析指出了导致包含燃烧前CO2捕集的IGCC供电效率降低的3个因素:蒸汽消耗、燃料化学能损失和新增动力设备电耗,并据此确定了今后的优化方向。     

IGCC环保特性的研究

分析了整体煤气化联合循环发电(IGCC)控制污染物排放的途径和措施,通过与常规电站污染物排放指标的对比,表明IGCC是一种先进的洁净煤发电技术,它具有高效、低污染等优良的环保特性。     

湿空气透平循环将简化煤的气化发电

0 引言煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术在环境保护上优于传统的和先进的燃煤发电技术,它排放的 NO_x,SO_x,CO_2和废料均较少。而煤气化湿空气透平循环(IGHAT)将提供一种环境性能、投资费用和热耗率均低于 IGCC 的发电方式。本文将介绍这种优化的发电方式。     

基于液态空气储能技术的新型整体煤气化联合循环系统分析

液态空气储能技术是一种环境适应性好、容量大的电能存储技术,将液态空气储能技术与整体煤气化联合循环发电系统(IGCC)相结合,利用液空储能技术获取燃气轮机发电所需的高压空气,提高燃气轮机的出功,同时提高IGCC发电系统调峰、调频的能力,提高电能质量。本文从热力学角度出发,对该新型整体煤气化联合循环发电系统进行分析计算,建立系统物质和能量平衡,计算了系统的主要工艺参数。结果表明,净功率为150MW的液态空气-整体煤气化联合循环发电系统,燃气轮机净功率为95.9MW,汽轮机功率为53.9MW,系统热效率为52.8%;相同参数下未应用液态空气储能技术的整体煤气化联合循环发电机组功率为151.4MW,而传统简单循环燃气发电机组热效率仅为35.8%。     

文摘

应用 ASPEN 建立组成整体的煤气化联合循环发电系统的随机模型Proc.—Annu.Int.Pittsburgh CoalConf.1989,6th(2),837—846用 ASPEN(稳态模拟装置)建立了组成整体的煤气化联合循环发电系统随机模型。并着重讨论了一些诸如常规误差分析、环境随机计算方法和 KRW 的整体流化床煤     

煤气化技术应用的新领域——IGCC

从供电效率、环保性能、燃煤适应性等方面论述了整体煤气化联合循环发电(IGCC)的主要特点;评述了与IGCC相关的固定床煤气化技术、流化床煤气化技术和气流床煤气化技术;通过对目前世界上典型的4种煤气化工艺建设的大型IGCC工业示范装置的技术经济指标比较,对建设IGCC工程煤气化工艺的选择提出了建议。     

Heat integration and analysis of decarbonised IGCC sites

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation systems have become of interest due to their high combined heat and power (CHP) generation efficiency and flexibility to include carbon capture and storage (CCS) in order to reduce CO₂ emissions. However, IGCC's biggest challenge is its high cost of energy production. In this study, decarbonised coal IGCC sites integrated with CCS have been investigated for heat integration and economic value analyses. It is envisaged that the high energy production cost of an IGCC site can be offset by maximising site-wide heat recovery and thereby improving the cost of electricity (COE) of CHP generation. Strategies for designing high efficiency CHP networks have been proposed based on thermodynamic heuristics and pinch theory. Additionally, a comprehensive methodology to determine the COE from a process site has been developed. In this work, we have established thermodynamic and economic comparisons between IGCC sites with and without CCS and a trade-off between the degree of decarbonisation and the COE from the heat integrated IGCC sites. The results show that the COE from the heat integrated decarbonised IGCC sites is significantly lower compared to IGCC sites without heat integration making application of CCS in IGCC sites economically competitive.     

氢能经济·CO2减排·IGCC

从能量利用角度考察了纯粹用氢作燃料的氢能经济的可行性，阐述了燃料电池车自身发展的困难和矛盾所在，详细地研究了我国二氧化碳的排放源并指出了最切实可行的减排切入点——发电行业．通过从效率、经济性等角度对发电厂减排CO2的各种方案的对比，发现IGCC在CO2减排方面具有很大的优势．最后从考察IGCC的进一步发展方向出发，提出了能够真正实现零排放的能源系统和切实可行的减排CO2的系统方案．     

Co-gasification of coal–petcoke and biomass in the Puertollano IGCC power plant

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plants (IGCC) are efficient power generation systems with low pollutants emissions. Moreover, the entrained flow gasifier of IGCC plants allows the combined use of other lower cost fuels (biomass and waste) together with coal. Co-firing with biomass is beneficial for the reduction of CO₂ emissions of fossil source.     

WTW车用煤基燃料的经济性与环保性研究

为了研究WTW车用燃料的经济性与环保性,利用GREET模型对煤间接液化合成油、煤直接液化合成油、煤制天然气和整体煤气化联合循环发电IGCC 4种煤基燃料进行WTW计算,并对比分析了4种燃料在WTW各个阶段的能耗和CO2排放量。结果表明：4种煤基燃料的能耗由大到小为煤制天然气〉煤间接液化合成油〉煤直接液化合成油〉IGCC,其中煤间接液化合成油、煤直接液化合成油及煤制天然气的能耗都约为传统柴油或汽油的2倍,IGCC的总能耗是传统汽油的3/5左右;CO2排放排序为：煤间接液化合成油〉煤制天然气〉煤直接液化合成油〉IGCC,其中煤间接液化合成油、煤直接液化合成油和煤制天然气的CO2排放量都为传统柴油或汽油的1.6～3.1倍,IGCC的CO2排放量是传统汽油的7/10左右;煤间接、直接液化合成油和煤制天然气都有一定的市场竞争力,IGCC成本较高,且高于传统发电成本。     

Optimization of energy usage for fleet‐wide power generating system under carbon mitigation options

This article presents a fleet‐wide model for energy planning that can be used to determine the optimal structure necessary to meet a given CO₂ reduction target while maintaining or enhancing power to the grid. The model incorporates power generation as well as CO₂ emissions from a fleet of generating stations (hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear, and wind). The model is formulated as a mixed integer program and is used to optimize an existing fleet as well as recommend new additional generating stations, carbon capture and storage, and retrofit actions to meet a CO₂ reduction target and electricity demand at a minimum overall cost. The model was applied to the energy supply system operated by Ontario power generation (OPG) for the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2002, OPG operated 79 electricity generating stations; 5 are fueled with coal (with a total of 23 boilers), 1 by natural gas (4 boilers), 3 nuclear, 69 hydroelectric and 1 wind turbine generating a total of 115.8 TWh. No CO₂ capture process existed at any OPG power plant; about 36.7 million tonnes of CO₂ was emitted in 2002, mainly from fossil fuel power plants. Four electricity demand scenarios were considered over a span of 10 years and for each case the size of new power generation capacity with and without capture was obtained. Six supplemental electricity generating technologies have been allowed for: subcritical pulverized coal‐fired (PC), PC with carbon capture (PC+CCS), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), IGCC with carbon capture (IGCC+CCS), natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), and NGCC with carbon capture (NGCC+CCS). The optimization results showed that fuel balancing alone can contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions by only 3% and a slight, 1.6%, reduction in the cost of electricity compared to a calculated base case. It was found that a 20% CO₂ reduction at current electricity demand could be achieved by implementing fuel balancing and switching 8 out of 23 coal‐fired boilers to natural gas. However, as demand increases, more coal‐fired boilers needed to be switched to natural gas as well as the building of new NGCC and NGCC+CCS for replacing the aging coal‐fired power plants. To achieve a 40% CO₂ reduction at 1.0% demand growth rate, four new plants (2 NGCC, 2 NGCC+CCS) as well as carbon capture processes needed to be built. If greater than 60% CO₂ reductions are required, NGCC, NGCC+CCS, and IGCC+CCS power plants needed to be put online in addition to carbon capture processes on coal‐fired power plants. The volatility of natural gas prices was found to have a significant impact on the optimal CO₂ mitigation strategy and on the cost of electricity generation. Increasing the natural gas prices resulted in early aggressive CO₂ mitigation strategies especially at higher growth rate demands. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

The comparison study on the operating condition of gasification power plant with various feedstocks

Gasification technology, which converts fossil fuels into either combustible gas or synthesis gas (syngas) for subsequent utilization, offers the potential of both clean power and chemicals. Especially, IGCC is recognized as next power generation technology which can replace conventional coal power plants in the near future. It produces not only power but also chemical energy sources such as H₂, DME and other chemicals with simultaneous reduction of CO₂. This study is focused on the determination of operating conditions for a 300 MW scale IGCC plant with various feedstocks through ASPEN plus simulator. The input materials of gasification are chosen as 4 representative cases of pulverized dry coal (Illinois#6), coal water slurry, bunker-C and naphtha. The gasifier model reflects on the reactivity among the components of syngas in the gasification process through the comparison of syngas composition from a real gasifier. For evaluating the performance of a gasification plant from developed models, simulation results were compared with a real commercial plant through approximation of relative error between real operating data and simulation results. The results were then checked for operating characteristics of each unit process such as gasification, ash removal, acid gas (CO₂, H₂S) removal and power islands. To evaluate the performance of the developed model, evaluated parameters are chosen as cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion for the gasifier, power output and efficiency of combined cycle. According to simulation results, pulverized dry coal which has 40.93% of plant net efficiency has relatively superiority over the other cases such as 33.45% of coal water slurry, 35.43% of bunker-C and 30.81% of naphtha for generating power in the range of equivalent 300 MW.     

Effect of air separation unit integration on integrated gasification combined cycle performance and NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> emission characteristics

Thermodynamic simulation method is developed and applied to analyze the performance and the NO_x emission characteristics of the IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) power plants coupled with ASU (Air Separation Unit). Simulations on IGCC power plants are made through combining the chemical process models for coal gasification and gas clean-up and the thermodynamic combined cycle model with NO_x prediction capability. With coal as feedstock of IGCC, the present study investigates and compares the power output, the overall efficiency and the NO_x emission characteristics of various IGCC plants at different ASU integration conditions in order to give the design criteria for efficient and environmental friendly IGCC configuration.     

燃煤sCO2布雷顿循环及其工质传热特性研究进展

超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,sCO2)布雷顿循环作为动力循环的主要优势是效率高、结构简单、系统紧凑、热源适应性广,有望在下一代核反应堆、燃煤电站、余热回收及可再生能源(太阳能、地热能等)领域得到大规模应用。作为新型动力循环工质的sCO2具有温和的临界点条件(31.1℃/7.38 MPa),同时在临界点附近物性变化剧烈。鉴于我国以煤为主的能源结构及严峻气候挑战,sCO2动力循环与富氧燃烧、流化床锅炉、煤气化等技术结合为实现煤炭的清洁高效低碳利用提供了新的思路。笔者分析了sCO2工质的性质,介绍了间接加热式和直接加热式两类sCO2布雷顿循环的基本原理,总结了sCO2动力循环应用于燃煤电站的研究进展。sCO2循环燃煤电站的发展可分为以下2条路径:①间接加热式sCO2循环取代蒸汽朗肯循环应用于燃煤电站,可与煤粉锅炉、循环流化床锅炉、富氧燃烧等技术相结合;②发展更加高效且固有碳捕捉能力的直接加热式sCO2循环燃煤电站技术,与带有碳捕捉(carbon capture and storage,CCS)的整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)电站竞争。分析了sCO2动力循环与燃煤电站结合的多种技术方案,讨论不同方案的优势、技术挑战与发展方向。在此基础上,重点阐述了sCO2作为工质在常规管径圆管、细管道圆管、微细管道圆管及印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)中的传热试验研究和传热特性,总结了sCO2工质在圆管内和PCHE内流动传热经验关联式并进行分析比较,同时介绍了sCO2工质流动传热的数值模拟研究。最后,从基础理论、系统设计、设备研发层面指出了现有研究的不足和对未来研究的展望。CO2减排在未来几十年将是燃煤发电的主要研究方向,具有更大效率优势和固有碳捕捉能力的直接加热式sCO2循环燃煤发电技术将引起更多关注。在我国将sCO2布雷顿循环应用于燃煤电站更具现实意义,目前我国关于sCO2循环发电技术的研究与国外仍存在相当差距,应依托超超临界燃煤发电机组和IGCC电站的技术积累,快速推动燃煤sCO2循环发电技术的研发进展。     

燃烧前CO2捕集技术在IGCC发电中的应用

由于整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC）发电本身的技术特点,使得其非常适合于进行燃烧前CO₂捕集。针对IGCC特点,提出了一种MDEA脱酸气结合湿法氧化法硫回收的燃烧前CO₂捕集流程。通过模拟计算,验证了流程的可行性。将其与IGCC发电系统集成,对比计算了有无燃烧前CO₂捕集的IGCC系统供电效率等相关参数,燃烧前CO₂捕集使IGCC供电效率降低约10个百分点。分析指出了导致包含燃烧前CO₂捕集的IGCC供电效率降低的3个因素：蒸汽消耗、燃料化学能损失和新增动力设备电耗,并据此确定了今后的优化方向。     

基于Aspen模拟费托合成与CO_2再利用系统

建立了集成费托合成与碳还原反应系统的模型,采用Aspen软件进行仿真分析和计算,重点分析碳气化反应过程及费托合成的产物分布。在煤气化联合循环发电系统中集成该模块,CO2与焦炭发生还原反应得到CO,与来自煤气化单元的H2在费托合成反应器里合成液体燃料,未反应完的合成气用于燃气轮机联合循环发电。针对碳还原反应器和费托合成反应器两部分进行了模拟分析,研究了反应条件对产物的影响。分析结果表明回收CO2制取具有高附加值的液体燃料是CO2再利用的一条有效途径。