干制温度和切片厚度对山楂切片热风干制动力学的影响

在本研究中,为了探讨热风温度和切片厚度对山楂热风干制动力学的影响,将厚度为2 mm和4 mm的山楂切片置于50~90℃的热风干燥箱内进行干制处理,并采用5种常见食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,通过比较评价决定系数(R~2)、卡方(χ~2)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计数据确定山楂切片薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。结果表明:山楂切片薄层热风干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程。Page模型是描述山楂切片薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。不同干燥条件下有效水分扩散系数Deff和活化能Ea的求解结果表明,有效水分扩散系数Deff随热风温度和切片厚度的增加而增加,在干制温度范围内有效扩散系数的值在2.69×10~(-11)~16.12×10~(-11)m~2/s之间变化。对于切片厚度为2 mm和4 mm的山楂切片,活化能Ea分别为20.43、26.25 k J/mol。     

番木瓜片热风微波耦合干燥条件及干燥模型建立

为研究番木瓜片采用热风微波耦合干燥的干燥特性和最优工艺组合,选用自制热风微波耦合干燥系统进行实验,得出热风微波耦合干燥曲线、干燥速率曲线及最优工艺组合,并建立干燥模型。结果表明:番木瓜片热风微波耦合干燥速率经历一个短暂的加速期后较长时间处于降速期;番木瓜片热风微波耦合干燥综合效果最优的组合为:热风温度60℃、微波功率密度5.5 W/g、热风风速0.5 m/s,其中微波功率密度对干燥综合效果的影响起主导作用;番木瓜片热风微波耦合干燥动力学模型可用Page方程描述,即M_R=exp(-0.0011T-0.0069P_D+0.073t(~(0.0015T2-0.1993T+7.9642));番木瓜片热风微波耦合干燥有效水分扩散系数介于2.533×10~(-9)~6.0792×10~(-9)m~2/s之间,且有效水分扩散模型为:10~(-10)D_(eff)=0.507T+6.72P_D+10.1v-32。     

百合热风干制动力学的研究

为了探讨热风温度对百合热风干制动力学的影响,分别将百合鳞片和百合切丝置于65～85℃的热风干燥箱内进行干制处理,并采用5种常见食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,通过比较评价决定系数(R~2)、卡方(χ~2)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计数据确定百合薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。结果表明:百合薄层热风干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程。Page模型是描述百合薄层热风干燥过程的最优模型。不同干燥条件下有效水分扩散系数D_(eff)和活化能Ea的求解结果表明,有效水分扩散系数Deff随热风温度升高而增加,在干制温度范围内,百合切丝有效扩散系数的值在7.73～14.12×10~(-9)m~2/s之间变化,而百合鳞片有效扩散系数的值在4.12～9.49×10~(-9)m~2/s之间变化。对于百合切丝和百合鳞片,活化能Ea分别为30.37和42.42 k J/mol。百合切丝干制能缩短干制时间,减少能量消耗。     

番木瓜热风干燥特性分析

探讨不同干燥温度和不同切片厚度条件下番木瓜的热风干燥特性。通过9种数学模型对番木瓜热风干燥试验数据进行拟合,结果表明:同大多数农产品干燥一样,番木瓜热风干燥主要为降速过程。不同干燥温度和物料厚度番木瓜热风干燥的水分有效扩散系数Deff的变化范围分别是1.798 4×10-8~3.323 3×10-8,0.579 3×10-8~2.852 2×10-8 m2/s,由此可以看出番木瓜热风干燥的水分有效扩散系数随着干燥温度和物料厚度的增大而增大;Page模型是番木瓜热风干燥过程的最适模型,平均R2值、SSE值、RMSE值和X2值分别为0.998 1,0.003 3,0.012 4,0.000 2。经回归分析,得到温度、厚度与有效水分扩散系数Deff的关系表达式。研究结果可以为生产实践中预测番木瓜热风干燥的水分变化提供参考。     

鲅鱼热风干燥动力学及品质变化研究

研究了腌制鲅鱼在不同热风干燥温度(40℃～60℃)下的干燥动力学以及品质变化。实验结果表明,不同热风温度条件下,鲅鱼干燥均只经历了降速干燥阶段,水分扩散对鲅鱼的干燥速率起到了主导作用,且温度越高,干燥速率越快;在实验温度范围内,鲅鱼干燥的水分有效扩散系数在(1.7162×10~(-10)～3.9276×10~(-10))m~2/s之间,且有效扩散系数随着温度的升高而增大,扩散活化能Ea为37.0446 kJ/mol;通过对比分析6种经验模型的拟合情况,确定Page模型最适合用来描述鲅鱼热风干燥的过程(决定系数R~2均大于0.999,标准偏差s均小于0.3%);通过对鲅鱼品质的测定,发现干燥温度对鲅鱼的硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性、回复性、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、色泽等7个指标均具有显著影响(p0.05)。     

无核白葡萄箱式热风干燥特性及干燥模型研究

分析热风温度(30~45℃)、热风风速(0.5~2 m/s)等因素对无核白葡萄干燥特性的影响,计算不同条件下水分有效扩散系数(Deff)及干燥活化能(Ea),再采用4种薄层干燥模型对不同试验条件进行非线性拟合,并比较不同条件的R~2、RMSE和χ~2值。结果表明:在干燥过程中,随着干燥温度及风速的升高,Deff也随之升高,利用阿伦尼乌斯公式计算出无核白葡萄的干燥活化能为22.95kJ/mol。通过4种模型的R~2、RMSE和χ~2值比较,Parabolic模型的拟合结果最好,最能描述葡萄干燥过程中水分比的变化规律,可为无核白葡萄干燥生产提供理论依据。     

基于Logarithmic方程的干燥参数对稻谷水分扩散特性影响分析

稻谷籽粒内部水分扩散的快慢决定了干燥速率。本文基于Logarithmic方程,建立稻谷水分传递动力学模型,并分析热风温度(40、50、60、70℃)和风速(0.3、0.4、0.5 m/s)对稻谷(湿基水分含量23.4%)有效水分扩散系数和扩散活化能的影响。结果表明:随着干燥温度和风速的上升,稻谷干燥速率提高,同时对应的有效水分扩散系数越大,分别为5.123×10-12~2.141×10-11m~2/s;扩散活化能从32.94 k J/mol增加至36.30 k J/mol;对比常用的5种谷物干燥模型发现,Logarithmic模型对稻谷薄层干燥的拟合度较好,R20.997,RMSE2.810×10~(-3),同时该模型模拟得出的有效水分扩散系数与实际差值均低于3.8×10~(-13)m~2/s,扩散活化能均低于2.53 k J/mol,与实际值基本吻合。     

用Weibull函数分析单粒莲子热风干燥的水分扩散系数和活化能

为了研究单粒莲子在不同温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)条件下热风干燥的干燥特性、水分扩散系数及活化能,利用Weibull函数及经验模型对单粒莲子干燥过程进行模拟分析。结果表明:Weibull函数和Midilli模型可以很好地拟合单粒莲子的热风干燥过程;尺度参数α随干燥温度的升高而减小(p0.05);干燥温度对形状参数β的影响较大(p0.05);计算得到干燥过程中估算的水分扩散系数为(8.79×10~(-9)~2.45×10~(-8))m~2/s,水分有效扩散系数为(4.73×10~(-10)~1.31×10~(-9))m~2/s,活化能为22.61 kJ/mol,水分扩散系数随温度的升高而增大。该研究为Weibull分布函数应用于莲子干燥提供参考。     

龙眼果肉微波干燥特性及干燥模型研究

探讨不同微波功率密度(P/m)对龙眼果肉干燥过程中水分比MR、失水速率及干燥时间的影响,结果表明龙眼果肉微波干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程。采用7种常见食品薄层干燥模型对试验数据进行非线性拟合,通过比较决定系数R2、均方根误差RMSE、卡方χ2,结果表明Midilli模型是表述龙眼果肉微波干燥的最优模型。对不同微波功率密度下的有效扩散系数Deff及活化能Ea进行求解,结果表明有效扩散系数Deff随功率密度的增大而增大,Deff的值介于0.7057×10-9～1.8×10-9m2/s之间,平均活化能为1.266W/g。     

油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散规律的试验研究

为了研究油菜籽流化床干燥过程水分扩散规律,基于Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,通过开展油菜籽流化床干燥实验,分别考察了油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速与水分比和水分有效扩散系数之间的变化规律。结果表明:随着油菜籽初始含水率、热空气温度和热空气流速逐渐增大,水分有效扩散系数增加,14.41%~29.72%初始含水率、1.75~2.25 m/s热空气流速及45~65℃热空气温度所对应的水分有效扩散系数范围分别为6.485×10~(-10)~10.133×10~(-10)m~2/s、7.296×10~(-10)~9.525×10~(-10)m~2/s和5.269×10~(-10)~8.917×10~(-10)m~2/s,其中29.72%初始含水率的水分有效扩散系数是14.41%的1.6倍,2.25 m/s热空气流速的水分有效扩散系数是1.75 m/s的1.3倍,65℃热空气温度的水分有效扩散系数是45℃的1.7倍。Arrhenius方程可以描述油菜籽流化床干燥水分扩散系数与温度的关系,水分扩散的平均活化能为22.84 kJ/mol;通过比较4种常见薄层干燥模型,发现油菜籽流化床干燥失水规律采用Page模型可进行准确模拟,其决定系数R~2≥0.997,相对误差≤5.4%。研究结果为提高干燥效率,优化干燥工艺参数提供参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.