冰酒葡萄品种威代尔主要栽培措施筛选试验

为了探讨冰酒葡萄品种威代尔优质高效综合栽培技术,进行了不同架式、夏季修剪、适宜负载量、冬剪、越冬防寒等配套栽培技术试验研究。结果发现,株行距为0.5m×3m的小棚架产量和固酸比较高;夏季修剪果穗以上留10片叶摘心果实可溶性固形物含量较高;10月16日采收,果实含可溶性固形物22.86%,总酸1.01%。株产3.5kg,适宜的叶果比和枝果比为11.2:1和1:1.3;冬季修剪,结果母枝适宜剪留长度为单芽或双芽;覆土越冬防寒深度15cm和盖膜+覆土10cm适于冰酒葡萄越冬防寒。     

冰酒葡萄品种威代尔主要栽培措施筛选试验

为了探讨冰酒葡萄品种威代尔优质高效综合栽培技术，进行了不同架式、夏季修剪、适宜负载量、冬剪、越冬防寒等配套栽培技术试验研究。结果发现，株行距为0．5m×3m的小棚架产量和固酸比较高；夏季修剪果穗以上留10片叶摘心果实可溶性固形物含量较高；10月16日采收，果实含可溶性固形物22．86％，总酸1．01％。株产3．5kg，适宜的叶果比和枝果比为11．2：1和1：1．3；冬季修剪，结果母枝适宜剪留长度为单茅或双茅；覆土越冬防寒深度15cm和盖膜＋覆土10cm适于冰酒葡萄越冬防寒。     

简化防寒对葡萄植株越冬保温性分析

为探索北方葡萄简化防寒越冬方法,以篱架"厂"字形栽培的‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料,以裸露不防寒为对照,设置不下架搭盖毡布或淋膜两种简化防寒处理,对植株土壤温度进行监测,比较了简化防寒方式与传统下架埋土防寒的保温效果。结果表明,在实时监测的寒冷时段,在裸露地表最低温度达-15.04℃的情况下,覆毡、覆淋膜的地表最低温分别是-7.56℃和-7.37℃,而覆土的最高温达0.62℃。对照低于-10℃以及-10~-5℃区间低温持续时间分别为11 h和18.5 h,而覆毡、覆淋膜在-10~-5℃区间维持时间分别为11.5 h和8.5 h。测定地下20 cm土壤温度,对照的温度值为0.68~3.81℃,下架覆土的温度值为2.56~4.5℃,覆毡的温度值为1.87~5℃,覆淋膜的温度值为2.43~5.06℃。根系分布区地下20 cm土壤温度在整个监测阶段相对稳定,在泰安埋土防寒临界区,不下架覆盖毡布和淋膜均能有效提高植株地表温度,缩短低温持续时间。     

河北地区葡萄越冬防寒被覆盖试验初报

为探索埋土防寒地区葡萄安全越冬的有效方法,于2012-2014年冬季分别采用防寒被覆盖的方法,对多个品种葡萄进行了越冬试验。结果表明,葡萄越冬采用防寒被覆盖不仅可以达到预期的防寒效果,与传统的埋土防寒相比还具有省时、省力、节约成本等方面的优势。     

陕北葡萄覆土防寒栽培技术

陕西省从五十年代起就开始在陕北长城沿线大面积研究和发展葡萄，虽然采用了埋上防寒技术，但由于冬季严寒和风沙土质，冻害仍频繁发生，对葡萄生产影响甚大。本试验的目的是针对陕北葡萄生产中存在的历史性冻害问题，通过嫁接抗寒砧木，再结合不同覆土厚度，以寻找适合陕北地区的抗寒砧木及覆土厚度，为葡萄生产供简单、实用、有效的防寒方法。     

宁夏葡萄冻害调查分析及冻害对叶片光合作用的影响

通过对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄冬季不同埋土处理方式下受冻程度进行调查,对比分析各处理方式及自根苗和嫁接苗越冬后长势,测定冻害对葡萄光合作用的影响。结果表明:越冬时植株受冻害程度越重,葡萄叶片光合能力越差,来年生长越弱;嫁接苗抗冻害能力强,来年生长状况正常,光合作用强;通过不同埋土处理,以土覆EVA膜处理后的葡萄受冻最轻,光合作用强,其它处理效果依次是土覆PVC膜、草覆EVA膜、PE膜覆土、沟埋等。     

葡萄覆盖防寒越冬研究初报

葡萄覆盖防寒越冬研究初报曹锦贤，马全奎（新疆吐鲁番市红柳河园艺场，８３８００２）葡萄是吐鲁番地区主栽果树之一，在露地大面积种植需埋土防寒越冬，因这里的绝对低温值为－２９℃，远远低于埋土防寒临界值－１５℃，不埋土葡萄地上部被全部冻死，所以本地区均采用地...     

浙江嘉兴大棚葡萄低温冻害预防措施

本文针对浙江省嘉兴市2010年和2016年大棚葡萄遭遇低温冻害的情况,总结防冻经验,提出预防措施。对南方已萌芽的大棚葡萄,遇-8℃至-10℃气温防冻害的主要措施有:三膜+畦沟灌满水,三膜+熏烟,三膜+加温等,均能取得良好的效果。     

滴灌条件下葡萄根系分布的研究初报

通过对滴灌和漫灌两种条件下葡萄根系分布状况的调查研究表明:滴灌葡萄根系垂直和水平分布较漫灌葡萄更加集中,根幅相对较小,但滴灌葡萄吸收根的总量大于漫灌33.49～38.65%.针对滴灌葡萄根系分布的特点来指导生产,在肥水供给、越冬防寒等方面要采取相应的技术措施,达到节水、省肥、防寒抗冻和优质丰产的目的.     

葡萄覆盖防寒和埋土防寒越冬比较试验

以无核白、新郁、紫霞、贝达等为试材,研究了天津产膨胶棉加双层塑料膜、乌鲁木齐棉被加塑料膜、双层无纺布加塑料膜、连木沁棉被覆盖及埋土防寒对葡萄越冬的影响。结果表明,采用棉被加塑料膜进行的葡萄覆盖防寒越冬在无核白和火焰无核两个品种上取得了良好的效果;而贝达采用几种覆盖物均可安全越冬。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.