杏花总黄酮提取条件的研究

研究以乙醇为溶剂提取杏花总黄酮的工艺条件.在单因素试验的基础上,用正交实验法对杏花总黄酮的提取工艺进行优选,考察了乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比对杏花总黄酮提取率的影响.杏花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度60%,料液比1:30,提取温度为80℃,提取时间150 min,在此条件下杏花总黄酮提取率为97.40%.     

迷迭香中酚类物质的微波辅助提取工艺研究

为探寻迷迭香中酚类物质更有效的提取工艺,以迷迭香干叶为原料,采用微波辅助提取迷迭香中的酚类物质,通过单因素试验研究物料粒径大小、乙醇浓度、温度、提取时间和料液比对迷迭香酚类物质提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化迷迭香酚类物质的微波提取工艺,得其最佳工艺为乙醇浓度80%、提取温度55℃、提取时间30 min、料液比1∶12(g/m L),此条件下,提取率可达到4.30%±0.124%。     

响应曲面法优化微波提取小茴香总黄酮工艺研究

为优化小茴香总黄酮的微波提取法,应用Design-Expert 8.0.5b软件的Box-Behnken响应面分析方案设计试验。结果表明:乙醇浓度、提取温度、液料比对小茴香总黄酮提取率的影响极显著,提取时间和液料比的交互作用、提取温度和液料比的交互作用的影响也达到显著水平,小茴香总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度56%、提取时间11min、提取温度62℃、液料比39(mL/g),在此条件下,小茴香总黄酮的提取率为1.3453%。     

紫苏叶中总黄酮的超声波辅助提取工艺优化

以总黄酮提取率为指标,通过单因素试验考察液料比、超声时间、乙醇浓度、提取温度对紫苏叶总黄酮提取率的影响,采用响应面分析法对超声波辅助乙醇提取紫苏叶中总黄酮的工艺进行优化。结果表明,紫苏叶总黄酮最佳提取条件为:液料比29∶1(V∶m)、超声时间40min、乙醇浓度45%、提取温度51℃,该条件下紫苏叶中总黄酮的实际提取率为5.41%。     

辣木提取物的制备、抗氧化活性及其在饮料中的应用

通过考察乙醇浓度、温度、料液比、提取时间4个因素对总黄酮提取率的影响获得提取苦荞麦米黄酮的最佳工艺。利用单因素试验和正交试验确定超声波法辅助提取苦荞麦米中总黄酮的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度70%,料液比1∶70(g/mL),温度为80℃,提取时间为50 min。在此条件下,苦荞麦米中总黄酮的提取率为4.128%;恒温水浴法提取苦荞麦米中总黄酮的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度80%,料液比1∶70(g/mL),温度为70℃,提取时间为80 min。在此条件下,苦荞麦米中总黄酮的提取率为4.477%。通过比较发现,两种方法提取的黄酮含量相差不大,超声法辅助提取的时间相对较短,节能。因此,超声法辅助提取苦荞麦米中的黄酮比恒温水浴法的效果好。     

响应曲面法优化黄秋葵花总黄酮的提取工艺

为提高黄秋葵花总黄酮的提取率,利用响应曲面法优化了黄秋葵花总黄酮的回流提取工艺。在乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比、提取时间共4个单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken design方法进行四因素三水平试验,以总黄酮提取率为响应值,通过响应面分析得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型。结果表明:料夜比对黄秋葵花总黄酮提取率的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01),乙醇浓度与提取温度对提取率的影响达到显著水平(P0.05),四因素对总黄酮提取率的影响作用大小依次为:料液比提取温度乙醇浓度提取时间。黄秋葵花总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度40%,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶160(g∶mL),提取时间30min。黄秋葵花总黄酮提取率预测值为28.72mg/g,验证后提取率为27.98mg/g,与预测值基本吻合,相对误差为2.58%。     

洋葱皮黄酮类化合物的提取工艺研究

通过单因素试验分析了乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对洋葱皮中黄酮类化合物提取率的影响。并在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验得到了黄酮类化合物提取的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明:洋葱皮总黄酮最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度75%,料液比1∶20,提取温度55℃,提取时间5h。     

超声波辅助提取大新苦丁茶中总黄酮的工艺研究

以广西大新县苦丁茶作为原材料,采用超声波辅助提取总黄酮,以芦丁为对照品,用分光光度法检测总黄酮含量。通过单因素试验讨论料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声温度4个因素对总黄酮提取率的影响,通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺。试验结果显示：超声波辅助提取法的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶25（g/mL）、乙醇浓度70%、超声时间15 min、超声温度50℃,此时总黄酮的提取率为0.772%。     

超声波辅助提取花生壳总黄酮工艺的优化

目的：确定超声波辅助提取花生壳总黄酮的工艺条件。方法：以花生壳总黄酮提取率为指标,以乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取温度为因素进行试验设计,对超声波辅助提取花生壳总黄酮的工艺进行优化研究。结果：超声波辅助提取花生壳总黄酮的最佳工艺条件是超声功率120W、频率40Kz条件下,乙醇浓度70%、料液比1：30、提取温度55℃、提取时间40min,此条件下花育16品种成熟花生壳的总黄酮提取率为1.98%,远高于目前相关文献报道的花生壳总黄酮提取率。结论：本试验结果可作为超声波辅助提取花生壳总黄酮工艺制定的依据。     

茜草总黄酮提取工艺研究

研究茜草总黄酮的提取工艺条件。采用热浸提法提取茜草总黄酮,硝酸铝显色法测定总黄酮提取率。通过单因素试验研究乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对黄酮提取率的影响,通过正交试验进一步优化提取工艺条件。单因素试验结果显示,乙醇体积分数50%、提取温度70℃、提取时间2.5h、料液比1:40(g/mL)条件下茜草总黄酮提取率较高;正交试验结果表明:茜草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为60%、乙醇溶液提取2h、提取温度70℃、料液比1:40(g/mL),此条件下茜草总黄酮提取率为1.67%。本工艺简单可行,有较好的参考价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.