响应面优化雪莲果-火龙果保健果冻配方

以雪莲果、火龙果、木糖醇为主要原料,在单因素试验的基础上,以复合凝胶剂的配比、复合果汁与柠檬酸的添加量为自变量,利用响应面法对雪莲果-火龙果果冻的加工工艺进行优化。试验结果表明:最优工艺参数是魔芋胶与卡拉胶质量比为1∶9,复合胶用量为1.25%,复合果汁添加量为9.81%,柠檬酸添加量为0.07%,木糖醇的添加量为8%,制得的果冻感官评分为90.86。该配方下研制的果冻,酸甜可口,富有弹性,具有雪莲果-火龙果混合的典型风味。     

响应面优化雪莲果银耳饮料配方的研究

为以雪莲果和银耳为主要原料,进行雪莲果银耳饮料配方的优化研究。在单因素的基础上,应用响应面法考察了雪莲果汁添加量、银耳汁添加量和果糖添加量对雪莲果银耳饮料的影响,确定了雪莲果银耳饮料的最佳配方。试验结果表明,雪莲果汁添加量为30.9%,银耳汁添加量为30.1%,果糖添加量为7%,柠檬酸0.05%,此时雪莲果银耳饮料的最佳感官评分为93.5,与响应面优化结果高度相符。由此可见,应用响应面法优化雪莲果银耳饮料配方,是一种有效的方法。     

雪莲果植物乳杆菌发酵饮料的研制

为开发一款特色雪莲果植物发酵饮料,研究以雪莲果为原料,植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）BNCC194165为发酵菌种,利用单因素试验考察蔗糖添加量、稳定剂添加量、菌种接种量和发酵时间对雪莲果植物乳杆菌饮料感官评分、总酸的影响,通过Plackett-Burman试验及响应面试验优化雪莲果植物乳杆菌发酵工艺条件,并检测其理化指标和微生物指标。结果表明,最优雪莲果植物乳杆菌发酵饮料发酵工艺为蔗糖添加量8%、阿拉伯胶添加量0.6%、植物乳杆菌BNCC194165接种量1%、37 ℃发酵14 h,在此优化发酵工艺条件下,产品色泽鲜艳明亮,酸甜适中,清新爽口,组织状态均匀稳定,具有典型的雪莲果清香,感官评分达到最高（87.42±0.32）分。该产品的研发对延伸雪莲果产业链、丰富特色果蔬发酵饮料品类具有一定的意义。     

雪莲果风味发酵乳的研制

以雪莲果和牛奶为原料研制风味发酵乳,采用正交试验筛选出最佳组合,结果表明,当雪莲果果汁添加量为10%,蔗糖添加量为6%,菌种接种量为3%,发酵时间为5h时,可获得最佳的雪莲果风味发酵乳。     

苦荞-雪莲果酸奶的研制

以苦荞麦、雪莲果和全脂奶粉为主要原料,研究了保健型苦荞-雪莲果酸奶的加工工艺。 通过单因素及正交试验确定了保健型 苦荞-雪莲果酸奶的最佳工艺条件为苦荞麦添加量1.5%,雪莲果添加量10.0%,蔗糖添加量7%,双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium）接种量 0.10%,发酵温度44 ℃,发酵时间7.0 h。 在此工艺条件下,酸奶感官评分为92分,酸度为83.00 °T,酸奶色泽黄白,具有苦荞、雪莲果和酸 乳所特有的香气,组织均匀,口感最佳。     

雪莲果发酵乳的研制

以雪莲果和奶粉为主原料,研制雪莲果发酵乳.采用正交试验筛选出最优组合,结果表明,当雪莲果果浆含量为10%、蔗糖添加量为6%、接种量为5%、发酵时间为4h时可获得最佳品质的雪莲果发酵乳:为保证雪莲果发酵乳的良好胶凝性,对增稠剂配方进行了对比试验,确定出最佳增稠剂配方为0.2%琼脂和0.2%羧甲基纤维素钠的混合物.     

凝固型雪莲果酸奶的研制

以脱脂乳和雪莲果为主要原料,研究凝固型雪莲果酸奶的加工工艺条件.通过单因素试验和正交试验确定凝固型雪莲果酸奶的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,凝固型雪莲果酸奶的最佳工艺条件为混合稳定剂添加量为0.15％、原料乳∶雪莲果汁=4∶6、糖添加量为4％、接种量为3％.在此条件下可以制得营养丰富,香甜适口的雪莲果酸奶.     

凝固型绿豆雪莲果酸奶的研制

以绿豆、雪莲果和鲜牛奶为主要原料,对凝固型绿豆雪莲果酸奶的加工工艺进行了研究.通过单因素试验,研究了绿豆浆、雪莲果汁的添加量以及稳定剂添加量对绿豆雪莲果酸奶质量的影响;通过正交试验确定了绿豆雪莲果酸奶发酵的最佳配方.     

雪莲果马蹄蜂蜜保健果冻的工艺研究

以雪莲果、马蹄、蜂蜜为主要原料,以果冻粉为主要胶体,通过正交试验对雪莲果果汁的护色、果冻的生产工艺及配方进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为复合果汁(雪莲果汁∶马蹄汁为2∶1)20%,果冻粉1.0%,蜂蜜10%,柠檬酸0.10%。     

营养保健型雪莲果果冻的工艺研究

以雪莲果为主要原料,以增筋剂(GA)、琼脂为主要胶体,研制出组织状态,色泽和口感均优良的营养保健型雪莲果果冻。采用正交试验对雪莲果果汁的护色、果冻的生产工艺及配方进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为增筋剂(GA)0.5%,雪莲果汁27%,白砂糖17%,柠檬酸0.28%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.