重组降血压肽表达系统的构建及表达多肽的鉴定

通过对降血压肽结构和功能的分析,设计合成了一条小肤VPVLPK.通过测定其对ACE酶的抑制活性,发现此肽具有很好的降血压活性IC50为4.2μmol/L.根据大肠杆菌偏爱密码子人工合成此肽的6拷贝片段,将其克隆至表达载体pET-15b并转化到宿主菌E.coil BL21(DE3)中.筛选阳性克隆,通过双酶切、PCR及测序表明,本研究已成功构建出重组降血压肽质粒pET-15b-ACEIP的表达系统.IPTG诱导表达后的菌体通过Tricne-SDS-PAGE小分子多肽电泳检测在5.8～7.8kDa之间出现目的蛋白条带,这与理论蛋白分子量6.2kDa相符,且目的蛋白主要存在于超声破碎的上清液中.上清液用胰蛋白酶酶切后,通过HPLC鉴定证实为目的多肤,且多肤的含量达130mg/L.     

酶解葵花籽粕蛋白制备降血压肽的工艺研究

建立胰蛋白酶水解葵花籽粕蛋白制备降血压肽的工艺.以酶解物对血管紧张素转换酶抑制率、苦味值和蛋白水解度为指标,对pH、温度、底物浓度、加酶量和酶解时间等酶解条件进行单因素实验,并在此基础上,选择酶解时间、pH、温度等参数通过正交实验,确定了酶解葵花籽粕蛋白制备降血压肽的最优参数组合为:底物浓度为3.5%,加酶量2.85%.pH7.5、温度45℃和酶解时间5min,所得葵花籽粕降血压肽产品的IC50值为6.06mg/mL.     

发酵菌融合蛋白中鲜味八肽的分离纯化工艺优化

为了提高鲜味八肽LGAGGSLA发酵菌融合蛋白的酶切得率,对鲜味八肽LGAGGSLA的工程菌进行了工业化发酵,并对表达的融合蛋白中的鲜味肽的酶切工艺采用响应面法进行优化,结果显示:工业化发酵所得融合蛋白与理论预测结果相符;响应面法优化酶切工艺建立的EK酶浓度、酶切时间、酶切温度与酶切率的相关性模型具有较高的可靠性,能很好地反映酶切率与EK酶浓度、酶切时间及酶切温度的相互关系。利用该模型对酶切工艺进行优化,得出EK酶浓度2μL/mL、酶切时间15h、酶解温度24℃时,融合蛋白的酶切率最高,酶切率达93.4%。经HPLC验证,分离纯化后的鲜味八肽与人工合成的鲜味八肽对照品的保留时间基本一致,所得生物源鲜味八肽的纯度高达98%。     

酶解星虫水溶性蛋白制备降血压肽的工艺研究

以可口革囊星虫水溶性蛋白为原料,利用胃蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶水解星虫蛋白制备降血压肽;并以酶解产物对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制率为指标,对酶解条件进行优化,确定了星虫蛋白酶解的最佳条件为酶解时间4h、酶解pH为1.8、酶添加量为0.3％ (w/v),温度37℃,所得酶解产物的IC50为1.85mg/mL.同时对酶解产物的体内降血压活性进行了动物实验,研究表明,星虫蛋白降血压肽在给药后1h,收缩压(SBP)开始下降,一直持续8h,SBP平均降低了约17mmHg.     

条斑紫菜蛋白酶解物降血压活性

研究了以条斑紫菜为原料,采用木瓜蛋白酶制备紫菜蛋白活性寡肽,以ACE抑制率为评价指标,研究不同水解条件下酶解液的降血压活性,优化酶解工艺条件并测定酶解物的分子量。优化后的木瓜蛋白酶酶解工艺条件为pH7.5,温度50℃,底物浓度30 mg/mL,酶添加量600 U/g,在此条件下,水解4 h的酶解产物抑制活性达30%以上,ACE抑制肽的半抑制浓度IC50值为4.48 mg/mL。将制备的酶解液进行层析分析,测得具有降血压活性的紫菜蛋白酶解产物是相对分子质量小于2 000的活性肽。     

响应面法优化酶解花椒籽蛋白制备降血压肽工艺

利用响应面法优化酶解花椒籽蛋白制备降血压肽的工艺条件。采用不同蛋白酶水解花椒籽蛋白,以酶解物对血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）抑制率为指标,筛选出制备花椒籽蛋白降血压肽的最佳蛋白酶。在单因素试验基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,考察酶解时间、加酶量、酶解温度和pH值对血管紧张素转换酶抑制率的影响。结果表明：回归模型能较好地反映各因素水平与响应值之间的关系,并获得酶解花椒籽蛋白制备降血压肽的最佳工艺条件为：底物质量浓度3 g/100 mL、酶解时间4.9 h、加酶量10 200 U/g、酶解温度37.4 ℃、pH 6.9,在此条件下,所得酶解产物的ACE抑制率为68.00%。     

酶法制备鱼降血压肽的工艺优化及其组分分析

为了开发鲬鱼蛋白,以体外血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制率为指标,通过适宜酶酶解鲬鱼蛋白质制备降血压活性肽。根据供试酶的水解进程筛选适宜水解酶,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析法优化水解条件,凝胶过滤层析法测定活性肽相对分子质量分布。结果表明,Alcalase是供试酶中最适的水解酶,最优水解条件为:温度48.9℃,pH7.93,加酶量为32396.6 U/g·pro,固液比1:5 g/mL,水解时间2.5 h。在此条件下,酶解液的ACE抑制率IC₅₀=0.269 mg/mL;酶解物经Sephadex G-15凝胶过滤层析得到三个组分,相对分子质量分别为635、258、67,其中的2号组分(C=0.74 mg/mL) ACE抑制活性相对较高,达到89.09%。     

融合蛋白IFN-IgG Fc在乳酸乳杆菌中的表达及其生物学活性研究

用乳酸菌表达有药用价值的生物学活性多肽,是当前国际上的研究热点之,对开发新的功能性食品具有广阔的前景.本文应用PCR方法将人干扰素IFN-α-2b基因与IgG Fc基因连接,并引入一段柔性连接肽,构建了融合蛋白基因IFN-IgG Fc,将融合蛋白基因克隆到原核表达载体pSC111 AE中,转化乳酸乳杆菌ATCC393进行诱导表达及鉴定,并研究了融合蛋白的生物学活性.结果表明,通过Western-Blot方法在表达上清液检测出干扰素融合蛋白,ELISA测定表明两段多肽能够保持各自的构象,基因工程乳酸菌表达的上清液可以诱导WISH细胞产生明显的抗VSV病毒的活性,其活性为1.71×103IU/ml.本文首次构建并在大肠杆菌和乳酸菌表达了IFN-IgG Fc融合蛋白,获得了能产生人干扰素的乳酸菌株,为基因工程乳酸菌及相关药物的开发研究奠定了基础.     

藜麦蛋白肽的酶解制备及体外降血脂与降尿酸活性研究

为研究藜麦蛋白降血脂肽的最佳酶解工艺条件和降尿酸活性,本研究以藜麦为原料提取蛋白,采用胰脂肪酶抑制率为活性指标,通过单因素实验和响应面分析法优化降血脂肽的制备工艺,并对藜麦蛋白肽的胰脂肪酶抑制活性、牛磺胆酸钠结合活性、胆固醇酯酶抑制活性、黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性和氨基酸组成进行分析表征。结果表明,藜麦降血脂肽的最优酶解条件为pH1.6、酶解温度42.9℃、底物浓度3.03%、酶解时间1 h和酶底比0.2%,所得酶解液的胰脂肪酶抑制率理论值为90.43%,实际值为90.93%±0.10%。该条件下制备的最优酶解物表现出优异的体外降血脂效果,其胰脂肪酶抑制率和胆固醇酯酶抑制率的IC₅₀分别为7.49μg/mL和4.73 mg/mL,牛磺胆酸钠结合率的EC₅₀为0.53 mg/mL。此外,最优酶解物显示出良好的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制效果(IC₅₀=5.97 mg/mL),表明其具有体外降尿酸的作用。氨基酸分析表明,藜麦蛋白肽的必需氨基酸含量丰富(34.23%),并且疏水性氨基酸和酸性氨基酸百分含量分别为34.11%和31.66%。藜麦蛋...     

富硒辣木籽蛋白降压肽的酶法制备、硒含量及稳定性研究

目的:开发富硒辣木籽蛋白资源。方法:以富硒辣木籽蛋白粉为原料,通过单因素和响应面优化得到富硒辣木籽蛋白降压肽的酶解工艺条件,并对最优酶解物的ACE抑制活性、硒含量和稳定性进行分析。结果:富硒辣木籽蛋白的最优酶解工艺为酶解时间3 h,酶解温度34℃,pH 8,底物浓度7%,酶底比0.3%。此条件下水解所得降压肽的ACE的半抑制浓度为1.956 mg/mL;该降压肽中硒含量为1.394 mg/kg,是原料蛋白的1.1倍;并且该降压肽(5 mg/mL)具有良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性,在体外经胃肠道酶系消化酶解后,依然能保持良好的ACE抑制活性。结论:富硒辣木籽蛋白降压肽具有较强的ACE抑制活性和良好的稳定性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.