响应面法优化桑黄产胞内多糖液体发酵培养基

利用响应面分析法对桑黄菌丝体生物量及产胞内多糖的液体发酵培养基进行优化,研究碳源、氮源、无机盐对桑黄菌丝生物量、胞内多糖含量及产量的影响。在单因素筛选试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken设计和响应面分析法对碳源、氮源和无机盐水平进行分析。结果表明,桑黄产胞内多糖的液体发酵培养基最佳组合为:玉米粉3.9%、麸皮2.2%、KH2PO4 0.20%、MgSO4 0.10%,在此条件下的验证实验表明,胞内多糖产量可达233.107mg/L。     

正红菇液体发酵培养基和发酵条件的研究

研究了正红菇(Russulavinosa)在发酵过程中菌丝体及胞外多糖产量的变化趋势,碳源、氮源、无机盐以及发酵温度、pH值、时间和装液量等因素对正红菇液体深层发酵菌丝产量的影响。结果表明,蔗糖为最佳碳源,酵母膏为最佳氮源,优化培养基配方为蔗糖40g/L,酵母膏9g/L,KH2PO42g/L,MgSO41g/L;最适菌丝体生长的液体发酵条件:培养温度28℃￣30℃,初始pH值为5.5￣6.5,250mL三角瓶装液量为50mL￣60mL,发酵时间为5d。通过优化培养基和发酵条件,胞外多糖产量达到4.96g/L,菌丝体生物量达到22.34g/L。     

白灵菇产胞外多糖液体培养条件优化

以菌丝体生物量及发酵液中胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides,EPS)含量为指标对白灵菇产胞外多糖的液体培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,最适碳源是麦芽糖,最适氮源是酵母膏。正交实验确定最佳培养基组成为麸皮200g/L,麦芽糖25g/L,酵母膏3g/L,KH2PO41g/L,MgSO·47H2O1g/L。最佳发酵条件为起始pH8.0,培养温度25℃,摇床转速160r/min,装液量100mL/250mL,接种量0.50cm2菌种块,发酵时间4d。在此条件下,白灵菇菌丝体生物量(0.413g/100mL)及胞外多糖含量(2403.2mg/L)分别是对照(0.177g/100mL和664.533mg/L)的2.3倍和3.6倍。     

粗毛纤孔菌产三萜液体发酵条件优化

以粗毛纤孔菌深层发酵菌丝体的总三萜产量为目标,通过单因素和正交实验对粗毛纤孔菌的液体发酵培养基进行优化,确定最佳的液体发酵培养基为:葡萄糖40g/L,黄豆粉5g/L,硫酸镁1.5g/L,磷酸二氢钾3g/L和维生素B10.05g/L。后期对摇瓶发酵条件进行优化,结果表明,在接种量为3片(12mm)菌丝片,pH为6,装液量为100mL/250mL的三角瓶,转速为155r/min,27℃条件下培养11d,粗毛纤孔菌发酵菌丝生物量可达2.20g/100mL,胞内总三萜产量可达100.83mg/100mL。     

基于胞外多糖和菌丝生物量的香菇发酵培养基优化

为研究液体发酵培养基对香菇胞外多糖和菌丝生物量的影响,以秦巴山区香菇808菌株为试材,采用Plackett-Burman设计实验、最陡爬坡实验和响应曲面法对其液体发酵培养基的碳源、氮源和其它营养物质进行优化。结果表明,香菇胞外多糖发酵培养基的最佳组合是(g/500 m L):蔗糖7.18,玉米粉15.00,麦麸14.05,酵母膏0.35,KH2PO40.50,Mg SO4·7H2O 0.50,p H自然,胞外多糖实测值为0.967 g/500 m L;香菇菌丝生物量发酵培养基的最佳组合是(g/500 m L):蔗糖7.18,玉米粉15.00,麦麸14.05,酵母膏0.35,KH2PO40.75,Mg SO4·7H2O 0.50,p H自然,菌丝生物量实测值为28.146 g/500 m L。优化后的香菇胞外多糖产量和菌丝生物量较优化前分别提高12.44%和11.00%。此研究结果可为香菇液体发酵的中试生产提供理论依据。     

一株冬虫夏草菌的液态发酵条件研究

以菌丝体干质量、胞内多糖含量及腺苷含量为评价指标,研究了一株冬虫夏草菌的液态发酵条件。确定利用葡萄糖蛋白胨液体培养基发酵生产菌丝体、胞内多糖及腺苷的最佳条件为装液量100 mL/500 mL,接种量3%,温度24 ℃,培养时间4 d,摇床转速140 r/min;试验得菌丝体干质量为17.232 g/L;胞内多糖含量为78.34 mg/g;腺苷含量为633.7 μg/g。     

灰树花发酵产β-葡萄糖苷酶和胞内多糖培养基及条件优化

对灰树花液体深层发酵产β-葡萄糖苷酶和胞内多糖的培养基组成和发酵条件进行优化。通过单因素试验确定最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为麸皮。采用响应面中心组合试验设计,同时建立产酶活力和胞内多糖随葡萄糖和麸皮含量变化的二次回归方程,得到灰树花发酵最优培养基组成(g/L):葡萄糖27.83,麸皮35.57,KH_2PO_43,MgSO_4 1.5,VB_1 0.05,在此条件下生物量、胞内多糖含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶活力分别达到1.397 g/100m L,2.176 g/L和22.177 U/100 mL,比优化前分别提高1.9,0.75倍和2.71倍。研究灰树花液体发酵培养过程中初始pH、接种量、温度、转速、接种种龄和发酵时间等发酵条件对产酶活力和胞内多糖产量的影响,结果表明,灰树花发酵的最适初始pH为5.0,接种量10%,选取培养7 d的种子液,25℃,180 r/min振荡培养7 d即可结束发酵。     

中药大黄对白灵菇液态发酵多糖含量的影响

研究了大黄水提液对白灵菇液态培养过程中生物量、胞外多糖及胞内多糖含量的影响。结果表明,在液体培养基中加入100mg/mL的煎制30min的大黄水提液能有效提高白灵菇生物量和发酵多糖的含量,生物量最大达到27.0254mg/mL,胞外多糖、胞内多糖含量最大分别达到10.0534mg/mL和5.3106mg/mL。在最适添加量下,与空白对照组相比,液体培养基中加入大黄水使其生物量、总糖含量和胞外多糖分别提高了19.7359mg/mL,4.5814mg/mL和4.3938mg/mL。大黄水提液对白灵菇胞外多糖的促进作用明显,但对胞内多糖的影响不大。     

桑黄菌液体发酵工艺条件的研究

为能够提高桑黄液体菌丝体粗多糖产量,通过单因素试验,以菌丝生物量及菌丝多糖产量为指标,考察了接种龄、发酵液初始pH、装液量、接种量以及摇床转速等因素对其的影响,采用正交试验确定较佳发酵条件。结果表明:当装液量130mL/500mL,pH5.5,摇床转速180r/min时,菌丝生物量达18.2g/L,桑黄胞外粗多糖产量达6.02g/L。     

鸡枞菌产水溶性胞外多糖发酵条件及抗氧化活性的初步研究

为提高鸡枞菌（Collybia albuminosa）液体发酵产胞外多糖的产量，以鸡枞菌多糖产量为评价指标，通过单因素试验法对鸡枞菌发酵产多糖的液体发酵培养基和培养条件进行了研究，采用响应面法对影响胞外多糖产量较大的因素进行了优化，并对胞外多糖的抗氧化活性进行了初步研究。结果表明，最佳液体发酵培养基和发酵条件为麦芽糖6%，酵母提取粉1.5%，KH2PO4 0.1%，MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%，维生素B1 0.001%，接种量6%，装液量150 mL/300 mL，种龄5 d，发酵时间7 d。在此优化条件下，胞外多糖产量达671.57 μg/mL。质量浓度为1.2 mg/mL的鸡枞菌胞外多糖对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、OH自由基的清除率分别为77.18%、95.74%、80.04%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.