半工业化生产酸奶与直投式发酵剂的性能评定

应用直投式发酵剂,以半工业化生产的方式制作酸奶,测定了酸奶的多种品质指标,评定了发酵剂的生产性能。车间处理鲜牛奶,投菌后测定发酵剂在0～7 h的产酸趋势,并分别以5、6 h和7 h为发酵终止时间,比较3种发酵时间所得酸奶在4℃冷藏期间的品质。发酵剂活力恢复较快,且发酵终止时间易于控制;酸奶在4℃贮藏前期酸度有略微增加,后期稳定;酸奶品质以发酵7 h为最佳,贮藏期间有略微变化。综合评定结果表明,直投式发酵剂的性能优良,在后续自主研发发酵剂的实验中可以作为参考对象。     

高效液相色谱法测定酸奶中四种有机酸

测定酸奶中风味有机酸,精确评价酸奶风味,并对比3种发酵剂的发酵性能。使用3种直投式发酵剂以半工业化方式生产酸奶,测定3种酸奶在发酵及冷藏过程中的酸度变化,感官评定酸奶成品,并通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析酸奶中的4种有机酸成分(乳酸、柠檬酸、丙酮酸及甲酸)。结果表明:3种发酵剂产酸迅速,所产酸奶品质优良,M与自制发酵剂后酸化弱。冷藏期间3种酸奶中有机酸含量的变化存在细微差异。利用高效液相色谱法有效测定了酸奶中4种有机酸(乳酸、柠檬酸、丙酮酸及甲酸),成功评定了3种发酵剂的发酵性能。     

凝固型火棘金樱子酸奶的研制

以火棘、金樱子与乳粉为主要原料,经酸奶发酵剂发酵,制成风味独特、营养丰富的保健酸奶。由对比试验选用直投式发酵剂为生产菌种,通过正交试验,优化出火棘金樱子酸奶最佳发酵工艺条件为:30 mL/100 mL果汁混合液中,添加量12 g/100 mL乳粉和7 g/100 mL白砂糖,配以0.20 g/100 mL复合稳定剂,接入3 mL/100 mL的酸乳发酵菌剂,在40℃下发酵8 h,后发酵时间为24 h。     

5L立瓶发酵制备益生菌直投式发酵剂及应用试验

对长双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热乳酸链球菌在5 L立瓶中分别进行培养,确定了各自的发酵最适收获期,菌体收集后经制备所获得冷冻浓缩直投式发酵剂活菌数大于1010mL-1,冷冻干燥直投式发酵剂活菌数大于1011g-1。以制备的冷冻浓缩、冷冻干燥直投式发酵剂,进行牛乳发酵应用试验,生产的益生菌酸奶风味纯正、品质良好。     

直投式酸奶发酵剂的研制

直投式酸奶发酵剂是新型工业化生产菌种,其活菌数高,使用简单。以嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为菌种,通过筛选最佳缓冲剂、营养因子及优化冷冻干燥保护剂配方,对直投式酸奶发酵剂加工酸奶过程中活菌数指标进行研究。结果表明,当缓冲剂Ⅱ体积分数为2%,营养因子为2%番茄汁、6%胡萝卜汁、8%马铃薯汁,冷冻干燥保护剂为20 mL/L甘油、8 g/L葡萄糖、20 g/L抗坏血酸时,制备出的直投式酸奶发酵剂,0 d时活菌数为4.22×10~9 CFU/mL,7 d时活菌数为2.73×10~9 CFU/mL,30 d时活菌数为6.57×10~8 CFU/mL,90 d时活菌数为3.69×10~8 CFU/mL。该发酵剂制作的酸奶,凝乳时间为4 h,21 d时活菌数为(4.11±0.05)×10~7 CFU/mL,品质较好,所得到的冻干型直投式菌种适用于酸奶的开发。     

牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用

研究了牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用。以益生菌酸乳发酵剂与传统酸乳发酵剂作为共同发酵荆．在鲜牛奶或还原奶中添：加益生菌生长促进因子一牛乳低聚肽，进行益生菌酸奶的研制。通过实验确定了最佳配方及生产工艺。     

茯苓保健酸奶的研制

将茯苓菌丝发酵提取液与脱脂牛乳复配后,经过酸乳发酵工艺即可制备出口感良好、营养丰富并具有多种功能的保健酸奶。经研究茯苓酸奶的最佳配方为白砂糖添加量6％-8％,茯苓多糖含量为7．05mg／mL,发酵剂6％,发酵温度40℃-41℃。     

直投式酸奶发酵剂制备关键技术

酸奶发酵剂是影响整个酸奶生产和保证发酵乳产品质量稳定的关键因素,因而选择优良高效的乳酸菌发酵剂是酸奶生产过程中的核心问题之一.高效直投式酸奶发酵剂是一类新型的商品化生产菌种,在国外其制备技术已经较为成熟,但在国内尚处于起步阶段,市场长期被国外企业垄断,因此开发具有自主产权的直投发酵剂产品及制备技术显得尤为重要.该文综述了直投式发酵剂生产的国内外研究进展,指出了制备过程中决定其质量的各个技术环节,严控这些生产环节,才能保证产品质量,生产出具有我国自主产权的直投式发酵剂产品.     

富硒保健酸奶的研制

为了将酸乳与有机硒两者结合起来,更好地发挥两者的保健功能,通过L9（33）正交试验,确定富硒乳酸菌制作酸奶生产用发酵剂的最佳发酵条件：发酵温度为42℃,加硒量为7μg.mL-1,接种量为4%。测得发酵剂的活菌数为：9.45×10^8cfu.mL-1,硒的转化率达到84.15%,活力为0.65,符合酸奶发酵剂质量要求。用此发酵剂生产富硒酸奶的最佳工艺条件：富硒发酵剂接种量为7%,加糖量为6%,培养温度为42℃,发酵时间为4.5 h。该酸乳硒含量达0.49μg.mL-1,转化硒为0.4815μg.mL-1,转化率为98.25%。与普通乳酸菌发酵酸乳相比,硒含量提高了约480倍。     

嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901对酸奶发酵特性及抗氧化活性的影响

研究嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901在发酵酸奶过程中对酸奶特性及抗氧化活性的影响,开发出一种抗氧化活性强的酸奶发酵剂。通过选取嗜热链球菌S1、德式乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.0207发酵酸奶以及向其中加入嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901共同发酵制备酸奶,评价其产酸性能、活菌数含量,并分析所发酵酸奶的质构特性、乙醛和双乙酰产量,进行感官评价,最后对制备酸奶的体外抗氧化活性进行探索和研究,进而比较研究嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901对发酵酸奶的发酵性能和抗氧化能力。结果表明:用嗜热链球菌S1、德式乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.0207及嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901共同发酵的酸奶产酸速度快,5 h基本凝乳,与未添加嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS 1.0901发酵的酸奶相比,其中乳酸菌的活菌数为3.55×10~8CFU/g、风味物质乙醛的含量为22.8μg/mL、双乙酰含量为7.5μg/mL,以及感官评分为86分,仅次于3号汉森发酵剂。与3号汉森发酵剂相比,添加KLDS 1.0901的2号发酵剂在清除自由基的体外抗氧化能力方面与其相近。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.