微波-固体酸催化棉籽油制备生物柴油的研究

探讨了微波辅助条件下采用新型固体酸S2082-/Al2O3-ZrO2-La2O3替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化棉籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察了微波功率、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响。结果表明,在微波辅助下,固体酸催化剂对棉籽油酯交换具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离。在微波功率300W,反应温度120℃,醇油摩尔比12：1,固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的3%条件下,反应1.5h产物中棉籽油甲酯含量达到95.2%,催化剂重复使用10次甲酯含量维持在90%左右,表明催化剂具有较高的催化活性和稳定性。     

两级双液相萃取棉籽联产生物柴油和无毒棉粕

采用两级双液相萃取棉籽联产生物柴油和无毒棉粕。与一步双液相萃取法处理棉籽技术相比,该法在保持甲醇总量不变的基础上,将双液相萃取分为两级进行,二级萃取用的甲醇在完成了萃取功能以后再作为酯交换反应原料使用,不再需要重新加入新鲜的甲醇进行反应,减少了甲醇用量和溶剂再生的负荷。得出酯交换反应的最佳条件为:一级萃取甲醇用量为甲醇总量的60%,催化剂用量为棉籽油质量的1.1%,反应温度60℃,反应时间120 min。在最佳反应条件下,生物柴油产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量可达98.8%;萃取棉粕中游离棉酚含量为0.013%,符合美国国家棉籽产品协会的贸易标准,可用作动物饲料等。     

棉籽油脱臭馏出物中脂肪酸甲酯化工艺研究

棉籽油脱臭馏出物中含有40%-80%的游离脂肪酸,对这部分脂肪酸的甲酯化进行了研究。考察了甲醇用量、催化剂用量、酯化温度、酯化时间对脂肪酸甲酯化的影响。结果表明,脂肪酸甲酯化优化条件为甲醇/原料为2∶1(V/W),催化剂/原料为0.005∶1(V/W),酯化温度65℃,酯化时间3 h;在此条件下脂肪酸甲酯化率达到98%以上。     

菜籽生物柴油合成反应程度的气相色谱法判断

以十三酸甲酯为内标,建立了菜籽生物柴油中主要脂肪酸甲酯的气相色谱测定法。进样中各脂肪酸甲酯含量在各自线性范围内的线性相关系数r≥0.9963、平均回收率在97.59%~101.42%、相对标准偏差在1.32%~2.89%。通过测定反应试样中的脂肪酸甲酯总量,再与原料油脂完全甲酯化产品中的甲酯总量相比较,可以准确地判断生物柴油合成反应程度。     

响应面法优化固定化脂肪酶催化棉籽油转化生物柴油的研究

利用响应面法对固定化脂肪酶催化棉籽油合成生物柴油的条件进行优化。以脂肪酸甲酯转化率为指标,考察了固定化脂肪酶用量（占棉籽油质量）、甲醇与棉籽油摩尔比、叔丁醇与棉籽油体积比、反应温度和反应时间对转化率的影响,确定最佳反应条件为：反应时间19.128 h,反应温度37.801℃,固定化脂肪酶用量12.070%,甲醇与棉籽油摩尔比4.949,叔丁醇与棉籽油体积比0.323。验证实验结果表明,转化率达到92.9%,与响应面法预测值94.3%的吻合程度较高。     

脂肪酸超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的研究

以棉籽油脂肪酸与甲醇为原料,采用超临界甲醇非催化法制备生物柴油.考察了反应温度、反应时间、脂肪酸与甲醇体积比对产物中亚油酸、油酸、亚油酸甲酯和油酸甲酯含量的影响.结果表明,产物中亚油酸甲酯和油酸甲酯在反应温度超过280 ℃后呈下降趋势;反应时间超过15 min后有降低趋势;脂肪酸与甲醇体积比超过1:3后呈降低趋势.说明在超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油过程中反应温度不宜太高,反应时间不宜过长.     

废弃油脂脂肪酸甲酯制备二聚酸甲酯聚合工艺研究

以废弃油脂制备的脂肪酸甲酯为原料进行聚合反应,产物经分子蒸馏后得到单体酸甲酯(生物柴油)和二聚酸甲酯.研究了催化剂加入量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对聚合反应产品收率和质量的影响.结果表明,聚合反应适宜的工艺条件为:催化剂加入量为脂肪酸甲酯质量的10%,反应温度240℃,反应时间8 h.在此条件下,二聚酸甲酯产率达到74.0%,粗产品经提纯后二聚酸甲酯含量为90.7%.自制片状活性白土催化剂活性好,催化剂与产品容易分离,产品夹带损失少.     

谷糠油成分的超临界CO2流体萃取及GC-MS分析

采用超临界CO2流体萃取法从谷糠中萃取谷糠油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其甲酯化产物进行分析,用归一化法测定其相对百分含量。结果表明：最适宜的萃取工艺条件为萃取压力30MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间70min。谷糠油中共鉴定出18种成分,其中三十六烷占28.42%、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚占19.6%、油酸甲酯占7.77%、2,4-二叔丁基-6-甲基苯酚占6.06%、亚油酸甲酯占5.16%。     

GC-MS测定无花果中脂肪酸组成

以无水乙醚为溶剂,用索氏抽提法提取无花果中粗脂肪,进行甲酯化后以正己烷萃取,用 GC-MS 测定脂肪酸甲酯,分析鉴定出16种脂肪酸,并测定出各脂肪酸的相对含量,不饱和脂肪酸相对含量约占85.4%。     

GC-MS测定无花果中脂肪酸组成

以无水乙醚为溶剂,用索氏抽提法提取无花果中粗脂肪,进行甲酯化后以正己烷萃取,用GC-MS测定脂肪酸甲酯,分析鉴定出16种脂肪酸.并测定出各脂肪酸的相对含量,不饱和脂肪酸相对含量约占85.4%.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the