嗜碱芽孢杆菌产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶发酵条件的优化

对一株嗜碱芽孢杆菌产环糊精糖基转移酶的发酵条件进行了研究。利用单因素试验和正交试验获得该菌株产环糊精糖基转移酶的最佳条件为：接种量3％；培养温度30℃；pH10．5；发酵培养基的组成为玉米粉2％，酵母膏1．5％，玉米浆5％；250ml三角瓶装液量为30ml；270r/min振荡培养3d，其发酵液酶活可达5400U／ml左右。10L罐发酵时酶活可达5820U／ml。     

克鲁维酵母固体发酵高产菊粉酶的研究

首次利用固体发酵对筛选得到的一株克鲁维酵母S120高产菊粉酶的发酵工艺进行了初步研究。结果表明：麸皮是菌株S120产酶的最适基质，10％菊芋粉和0．5％硫酸铵有助于产酶；优化培养条件为：在300ml三角瓶中装料量20．0g，含水量为66％（V／W），起始pH5．7，培养温度34℃，接种量3．9％（V／W），发酵72h，菊粉酶酶活为118．28U／g（干重）。菌株S120菊粉酶的合成属于延续合成型，在工业生产中具有应用前景。     

重组4-α-糖基转移酶转化淀粉制备大元环糊精的条件优化

4-α-糖基转移酶能够以淀粉为底物通过分子内转糖基作用制备大元环糊精。本研究成功构建了产超嗜热菌Aquifex aeolicus来源的4-α-糖基转移酶重组菌的E.coli BL21 (DE3)/pET-24a(+)-AaAM。对重组菌进行摇瓶发酵,培养27h破壁上清酶活达到0.99 U/mL。以马铃薯淀粉为底物,对酶转化生成大元环糊精进行了条件优化。结果表明,在底物质量浓度为1 g/dL时,经异淀粉酶脱支预处理后,调节初始pH为7.0,反应温度为75℃,加酶量为20 U/g,在10 h时大元环糊精的转化率达到最高24.8%,为大元环糊精的工业生产奠定了基础。     

木聚糖酶合成菌株的筛选及其产酶条件的研究

为得到产高酶活木聚糖酶的生产菌株，以黑曲霉A3为出发菌，经紫外线亚硝酸复合诱变处理，使所产木聚糖酶酶活由原来的9．1829U／ml增加到15．2144U／ml。实验通过发酵培养时间，碳源含量，接菌量对液体发酵产木聚糖酶的影响分析，得出产木聚糖酶的最优条件，即在加入50 Mandels液体培养基，28℃条件下，底物含量为0．045g，接种量为20ml，培养36h。     

一株曲霉果糖转移酶的发酵条件及转果糖基活性

对一株曲霉果糖转移酶菌株的产酶培养条件进行了研究。确定了最佳培养基组成：初始蔗糖质量浓度15～18g／dL，氮源为酵母膏，K2HPO4对果糖转移酶的产生具有明显的促进作用，添加0．2g／dLCMC能够使果糖转移酶活力提高到原来的1．3倍，在pH5．5，30℃条件下，果糖转移酶最高酶活力为30．42U／mL。HPLC分析结果表明，转糖基产物为总质量的55．8％。     

β-环状糊精葡萄糖基转移酶菌株的双重诱变育种

建立以酚酞作指示剂,在琼脂固态培养基上筛选环糊精糖基转移酶高产突变株的平板快速筛选法,从土壤分离物中筛选到1株葡萄糖摹转移酶(CGTase)产生菌gxmf1,于37℃、250r/min摇床发酵3d.产酶1524U/mL.该菌株经紫外线和LiCl诱变处理后,筛选得到突变株B15,产环糊精糖基转移酶达5416U/mL,较出发菌株提高255%.连续5代传代试验表明突变株B15产酶基本稳定.     

高产纤维素酶青霉菌的筛选和及产酶条件的研究

本文从稻田土壤中分离到—株产纤维酶活力高的X-5菌株，经形态特征及生理生化特征初步鉴定为半知菌亚门，丝孢纲，丝孢目，丛梗孢科，青霉属（Penicillium）。对青霉菌X-5菌株进行发酵培养条件的研究结果表明，以5．0％稻草粉为碳源，3．0％豆饼粉为氮源，装液量为60ml，接种量为5．0％，培养温度为26～28℃，初始pH4．5-6．0，培养120h，产酶活力最高，CMC酶活为75．72IU／ml，FP酶活为6．68IU／ml.     

大豆异黄酮β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌的选育及产酶条件研究

以豆豉为材料筛选产大豆异黄酮β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株为出发菌，通过UV和LiCl诱变育种，利用单因素和正交试验进行产酶条件研究，确定最佳工艺条件为：黄豆粉1％，酵母膏1％，麸皮2％，KH2P040．1％，NaCl0．5％，起始pH值7．5，装液量30mL／300mL，发酵时问48h，发酵温度37℃，转速70r／min。测得酶活为5．49U／mL。     

环糊精糖基转移酶高产菌株的快速筛选

以酚酞作指示剂，在琼脂固态培养基上，根据酚酞变为无色所形成变色圈大小筛选环糊精糖基转移酶高产突变株是一种平板快速筛选方法。嗜碱芽孢杆菌1177菌株经紫外线和γ射线诱变处理后，经该法筛选得到突变株圈7—12，该菌株产环糊精糖基转移酶达5600u／ml，较出发菌株提高183％。连续5代传代试验表明，突变株7—12产酶基本稳定。     

青霉P-1007酸性蛋白酶酶学性质及其固体发酵条件的初步研究

青霉P-1007产胞外酸性蛋白酶，其酶活可达1500u／g。该酶的最适温度为50℃，最适pH值为5．5；酶的pH稳定性和耐温性较好，在pH5．5，：50℃条件下保温8h，其相对酶活仍在83％以上；在pH值为5．5，60℃条件下水浴2h后，相对酶活为60％。不同金属盐对该酶酶活及不同氮源、碳源、温度、pH、含水量以及发酵时间对菌株产酶的影响试验结果表明：MnCl2，CuSO4均对该酶有激活作用，其他金属盐类对该酶有不同程度的抑制作用；添加黄豆粉（1％）和葡萄糖（1％）可使菌株产酶酶活分别提高71％和31％；培养温度为40℃以及培养基起始pH为7．0时产酶最高；含水量和发酵时间对产酶也有不同程度的影响。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.