乳糖化人生长激素在小鼠体内的组织分布和药代动力学

目的　研究乳糖化人生长激素 (hGH L)在小鼠体内的组织分布和药代动力学特征。方法　用放射性核素体内示踪技术研究体内分布 ,用放射免疫分析 (RIA)技术研究药代动力学。并对比研究人生长激素 (hGH)。结果　12 5I hGH L具有明显的趋肝性 ,肝最大摄取率为 6 8 83% ,约为12 5I hGH的 2倍。hGH L的血药时曲线下面积 (AUC为32 6 86 9)和在血清的平均驻留时间 (MRT为 2 1 37min)均小于hGH (AUC为 36 913 0 8,MRT为 2 4 98min) (P <0 0 0 5 ) ;而靶器官肝脏的hGH L分布半衰期T12 α( 1 84min)、清除半衰期T12 β( 11 0 9min)小于hGH (T12 α2 11min ,T12 β75 6 5min) (P <0 0 0 5 ) ,其AUC( 176 2 1 9) >hGH( 12 148 2 ) (P <0 0 0 5 )。结论　hGH L可望成为提高hGH治疗儿童生长激素缺乏症的新药     

放射免疫法研究乳糖基重组人生长激素和重组人生长激素的药代动力学

目的 :比较研究乳糖基重组人生长激素 (L -rhGH )和重组人生长激素 (rhGH )在小鼠血和肝中的药代动力学。方法 :用注射免疫法测定L -rhGH和rhGH在小鼠血、肝脏中的药物浓度。结果 :静脉注射后 ,两者的药代动力学过程存在显著性差异 ,L -rhGH在肝中的分布量较rhGH增加 ,且T1/2 仅为rhGH的17 9 % ;L -rhGH在血中亦表现为短维持时间、低分布量。结论 :L -rhGH呈现出更符合人体生理的药代动力学特征     

重组人干扰素α-2b纳米粒小鼠体内药物动力学及组织分布

目的考察小鼠静脉注射重组人干扰素α2b纳米粒后的体内药动学及组织分布。方法小鼠尾静脉注射给药后,采集不同时间血液、肝、肺和肾样品,经处理后,应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定重组人干扰素α2b的血浆及组织中浓度。结果重组人干扰素α2b纳米粒及溶液注射给药,血浆药时数据经3p97药动学程序拟合,均符合一级消除动力学双隔室模型。给予重组人干扰素α2b纳米粒小鼠体内消除半衰期(t1/2β=2.786 h)是溶液剂消除半衰期的(t1/2β=0.599 h)的4.7倍;血药浓度时间曲线下面积纳米粒组是溶液剂组的3.95倍,肝组织中药时曲线下面积纳米粒制剂是溶液剂组的3.8倍。与溶液剂组相比,纳米粒组在肺、肾中的药物分布也显著增加(P<0.001)。结论纳米粒作为重组人干扰素α2b的载体,能够显著延长重组人干扰素α2b小鼠体内消除半衰期,增加其在肝、肺、肾组织中的分布。     

超氧化物歧化酶在小鼠体内的药代动力学

本文研究了~(125)Ⅰ-超氧化物歧化酶(~(125)Ⅰ-SOD)1次皮下注射后在小鼠体内的药代动力学。血中药物浓度——时间曲线近似一级吸收一室开放模型。皮下注射~(125) -SOD~5·~5MBq/Kg(325,000u/Kg)后的药代动力学参数为吸收半衰期(t_1/_2Ka)0.25h;消除相半衰期(t_1/_2β)15h;表观分布容积(Vd)30.01ml/Kg;体内清除率(CL)1.3835ml/Kg.h-1;血药浓度一时间曲线下面积(AUC)4748.45u/ml.h。 SOD在体内的分布以肾脏最多,尤其是肾皮质;心脑分布最少,说明SOD不易通过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统。SOD为广泛存在于有机体内的一种金属酶。自猪血红细胞内提取的SOD具有明显的抗炎及放射防护作用。关于SOD的药代动力学国内尚未见报道。我们进行了SOD在小鼠体内的吸收、分布及排泄的实验研究,并提出初步数学模型及有关药代动力学参数,提供临床设计给药方案参考。     

磷酸瑞格列汀结合缬沙坦在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学分析

目的研究磷酸瑞格列汀结合缬沙坦在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学分析。方法选取我院的50例健康志愿者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组志愿者单独服用磷酸瑞格列汀,观察组志愿者服用磷酸瑞格列汀的基础上服用缬沙坦,采用液相色谱串联质谱技术对血浆中磷酸瑞格列汀片和缬沙坦的药物浓度进行测定,同时对最大血药浓度、达峰时间、药物的半衰期、血药浓度和时间曲线下面积药代动力学指标进行测量分析。结果两组的最大血药浓度、达峰时间、药物的半衰期、血药浓度时间曲线下面积对比,无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。结论磷酸瑞格列汀结合缬沙坦在健康的志愿者中,没有明显的药代动力学作用,两组药物可以一同服用,具有较高的安全性。     

加替沙星对家兔体内地高辛血药浓度的影响

目的观察加替沙星与地高辛合用后其对地高辛血药浓度和药代动力学参数的影响,为临床安全、有效、合理使用强心苷类药物提供参考依据。方法用荧光偏振免疫法测定不同给药方法中家兔体内地高辛血药浓度,并对结果进行统计分析。结果合用加替沙星后,地高辛的血药浓度明显增高,地高辛在家兔体内的分布半衰期(T1/2)延长,表观分布容积(Vd)增大(P<0.05),而血浆清除率(CL)和曲线下面积(AUC0～∞)无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论加替沙星可显著增加地高辛的血药浓度,增加地高辛在体内的蓄积,两者合用时应及时监测地高辛血药浓度,制定个体化给药方案,确保临床疗效,减少毒性反应的发生。     

聚乙二醇干扰素

聚乙二醇(PEG)具有溶解性良好、毒性很小和无抗原性的特性.PEG修饰蛋白质使分子量增加,在体内半衰期延长,可以减少用药次数,提高治疗效果.本文对PEG的结构、性状、对干扰素修饰的方法、修饰后的药代动力学和临床效果进行综述.PEG修饰重组人干扰素α2a和PEG修饰重组人干扰素α2b在体内药代动力学均有明显改善,半衰期明显延长.两种PEG干扰素均已进行临床试验.每周注射1次治疗丙型肝炎,效果明显较普通干扰素为好.其安全性与普通干扰素基本相似.     

人生长激素对乳腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨人生长激素对人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7增殖和凋亡的影响。方法:建立乳腺癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,将40只裸鼠随机分为:对照组、重组人生长激素(rhGH)组、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)组和rhGH+5-FU组,各组腹腔注射给药,2周后观察各组药物对肿瘤生长的影响。分别采用MTT法和免疫组化检测肿瘤细胞增殖,TUNEI法检测移植瘤组织的细胞凋亡。结果:5-FU组和rhGH+5-FU组的肿瘤质量、PI及S期的人乳腺癌细胞数均明显小于对照组(P<0.01),AI、G0/G1期人乳腺癌细胞数均明显大于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);rhGH+5-FU组的PI及G2M期人乳腺癌细胞数均明显小于5-FU组(P<0.05)。结论:人生长激素在体内对人乳腺癌细胞既无明显的增殖作用,也无明显的凋亡作用,但与5-FU联用后能增强化疗对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞的效果,且具有协同作用。     

酶联免疫吸附试验法研究PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF在小鼠体内的药代动力学

研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)、聚乙二醇修饰的重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(PEG-rhG-CSF)与重组人血清白蛋白-粒细胞集落刺激因子融合蛋白(rHSA-hG-CSF)在小鼠体内的药代动力学，验证两种方法对rhG-CSF半衰期(T_1/2)的影响。小鼠分别皮下给药rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF后，在不同时间点采血并分离血清，采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清中rhG-CSF的浓度，用3P87药动学软件进行曲线拟合并计算参数。结果显示，rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF的半衰期(T_1/2)分别为2.1，14.2和10.6 h，后两者半衰期分别为rhG-CSF的7倍、5倍；PEG-rhG-CSF和rHSA-hG-CSF的达峰时间T_peak分别为rhG-CSF的15倍、13倍。通过ELISA法检测比较rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF在小鼠体内的药代动力学，表明PEG修饰与白蛋白融合技术可以延长rhG-CSF的半衰期。     

碘化N-正丁基氟哌啶醇在大鼠的药代动力学及组织分布

目的　研究碘化N 正丁基氟哌啶醇 (F2 )在大鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布特征。方法　大鼠尾静脉给予F2后 ,采用高效液相 -质谱联用技术检测各时间点血浆和组织器官药物浓度 ,并用 3 p97软件计算药代动力学参数。 结果　静脉给药后药时曲线符合二室开放模型。 1、2、4mg·kg- 13个剂量主要药动学参数为 :分布半衰期T1/2α分别为 0 3 2、0 2 1、0 3 2h ,消除半衰期T1/2 β分别为 5 75、5 68、5 98h ,曲线下面积AUC分别为 71 9、83 6、166 7μg·L- 1·h- 1,血浆清除率CL分别为 13 9、2 3 9、2 4 0L·h- 1。结论　F2 是一种分布迅速 ,Vc较大 ,T1/2 β较长 ,消除相浓度较低的药物。符合一级动力学特征。除脑、睾丸中分布较少外 ,其它器官组织中浓度均远高于血浆药物浓度     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.