Al2TiO5-Si3N4复合材料制备工艺研究

以Al2TiO5粉料、α-Si3N4粉料为原料,制备Al2TiO5-Si3N4复合材料。研究了Si3N4加入量、烧成气氛、烧成温度、保温时间对Al2TiO5-Si3N4复合材料性能的影响。研究结果表明,制备Al2TiO5-Si3N4复合材料较佳的工艺条件为Si3N4含量15％、氮化气氛、烧成温度为1550℃,保温时间为2h。     

烧成制度对AlN陶瓷性能及显微结构的影响

为了制备结构致密的Al N陶瓷,在Al N粉末中加入2%(w)的Y2O3,经细磨、造粒、成型烘干后,在热压炉内于氮气气氛中1 800~1 950℃分别保温1~4 h无压烧结制得Al N陶瓷,并研究了烧成温度和保温时间对Al N陶瓷致密度、导热性及显微结构的影响。结果表明:随着烧成温度的提高和保温时间的延长,添加Y2O3的Al N陶瓷的晶粒趋于均匀,显气孔率下降,致密化程度提高;当烧成温度为1 850℃,保温时间达到2 h时,Al N陶瓷的相对密度达到99.8%,热导率达到94.8 W·(m·K)-1。     

Mo粉加入量对反应烧结MoSi2-Si3N4-BN复合材料性能的影响

以Si粉(w(Si)=99%)、Mo粉(w(Mo)=99%)和六方BN粉(w(BN)≥98%)为原料,Fe2O3(w(Fe)≥69.8%)为烧结助剂,高纯氮气(ψ(N2)=99.99%)为反应气体,采用反应烧结法于1 450 ℃氮气气氛下保温5 h原位合成了MoSi2-Si3N4-BN复合材料.研究了Mo粉加入量(W)为:0、5%、10%、15%、20%、30%时对材料的显气孔率、体积密度和抗折强度的影响,利用XRD研究了Mo粉不同加入量下复合材料的物相组成,并利用SEM对材料表面和断面形貌进行了观察,同时探讨了Mo5Si3的形成机理.结果表明:随着原料中Mo粉加入量的增加,所制备的复合材料显气孔率增大,体积密度和抗折强度减小.材料中含有α-Si3N4、β-Si3N4、BN、MoSi2和少量的Mo5Si3相.原位生成的MoSi2及少量的Mo5Si3均匀地分散在材料中,其晶粒尺寸为2～3 μm.随着原料中Mo粉加入量增加,Mo5Si3的生成量越来越多;当Mo粉加入量为30%时,Mo在材料中主要以Mo5Si3的形式存在.Mo5Si3的生成机理为MoSi2失去Si转化而成.     

Al2TiO5-SiO2-Al2O3复合材料的研究

以Al2TiO5微细粉、SiO2-Al2O3微细粉为原料,外加6%(质量分数,下同)PVA结合剂,100 MPa压力成型,1400 ℃保温1 h烧成,制备出低热膨胀系数,抗热震性能优于SiO2-Al2O3材料的Al2TiO5-SiO2-Al2O3复合材料.对复合材料的性能测定分析,研究不同的Al2TiO5含量、烧结温度等对Al2TiO5-SiO2-Al2O3复合材料性能的影响,获得了制备性能优良的Al2TiO5-SiO2-Al2O3复合材料的最佳工艺参数.     

低氧分压下β-Si3N4制品的氧化烧结

以闪速燃烧氮化法合成的β-Si3N4粉为主要原料,在w(β-Si3N4粉)为80%、w(α-Al2O3粉)和w(Y2O3粉)分别为10%的混合粉料中,外加3%金属铝粉,混练、成型后,在1 600℃的弱氧化气氛(氮气中配入体积分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%的空气)中实现了β-Si3N4制品的逆氮化反应烧结.结果表明:空气配入量为10%时,得到的Si3N4烧结体指标较好;金属铝粉首先发生氧化,新生成的高活性Al2O3可促进烧结的进行;弱氧化气氛烧成时,通过氧分压来控制氧化物的生成量,既避免了Si3N4的过度氧化,又形成了活性烧结.     

石墨粒度对赛隆-石墨复相材料相组成和显微结构的影响

以氮化铝粉(w(AlN)=99%)、硅粉(w(Si)=99%)、活性氧化铝微粉(w(Al2O3>)=99%)和鳞片石墨为主要原料,在流动N2气氛下分别于1 480和1 550℃制备赛隆-石墨复相材料.研究了石墨粒度(300、125、45 μm)和烧成温度(1 480、1 550℃)对β-SiAlON合成率的影响,同时借助XRD、SEM等手段分析和观察了材料的物相变化和断口形貌.结果表明,在1 480和1 550 ℃下,石墨均阻碍了β-SiAlON的合成:在1 480℃,石墨阻碍了α-Si3N4向β-Si3N4转化,并且石墨粒度越小,阻碍作用越显著;在1 550℃,碳热还原反应加剧,石墨对15R-SiAlON的生成更有利,并且石墨粒度越小,生成15R-SiAlON的趋势越大.     

氮气气氛下制备的Al-Si_3N_4-Al_2O_3复合材料的显微结构及性能

以板状刚玉、电熔白刚玉、氧化铝微粉、金属铝粉、氮化硅微粉为原料,热固型酚醛树脂为结合剂,在1 300℃氮气气氛下保温8h制备Al-Si3N4-Al2O3复合材料,并对Al-Si3N4-Al2O3复合材料进行热力学分析。结果表明:不添加Si3N4时,Al-Al2O3样品中的增强相主要为Al4O4C;添加Si3N4后,Al-Si3N4-Al2O3样品中的增强相主要为Si5AlON7(Z=1),此外,还有少量的金属塑性相Al和Si。Al-Si3N4-Al2O3样品可在氮气气氛下低温(1 300℃)合成出Si5AlON7(Z=1)。当Si3N4加入量为3%时,Al-Si3N4-Al2O3样品的常温耐压强度高达285MPa。     

高温氮化反应合成Ca-α-SiAlON

以Si粉、Al粉、Al2O3粉(α型和ρ型)和CaCO3为主要原料,采用高温氮化方法合成了Ca-αSiAlON,并对氮化后的试样进行XRD、SEM以及EDS分析,计算出了各试样中Ca-αSiAlON的相对含量。研究了氮化温度(1500℃和1550℃),保温时间(8h、12h和20h),CaCO3用量(理论用量、过量10%、过量20%),添加剂种类(Y2O3、TiO2、Fe2O3)及加入量(2%、3%、4%),αSi3N4晶种加入量(0、1%、3%、5%),Al2O3种类(α型和ρ型),Si粉和Al粉的用量(理论用量、过量10%)等工艺因素对Ca-αSiAlON合成量的影响。结果表明:(1)在1550℃氮化反应12h得到的合成产物中Ca-αSiAlON的相对含量最高,可达72.5%,其他物相为βSiAlON;(2)CaCO3加入量增多能够显著提高产物中Ca-αSiAlON的相对含量;(3)添加剂Y2O3、TiO2、Fe2O3均可促进Ca-αSiAlON的合成,其中Y2O3的促进作用最明显,TiO2次之;(4)αSi3N4晶种的引入能够显著提高Ca-αSiAlON的合成量;(5)Si粉和Al粉的量以及Al2O3种类对Ca-αSiAlON的氮化合成影响不明显;(6)SEM分析结果表明,合成的Ca-αSiAlON发育成柱状晶,长径比在3～10之间。     

反应烧结合成O''''-SiAlON-BN复合材料的工艺研究

以微米级αSi3N4、SiO2、Al2O3和hBN为原料,通过反应烧结法合成了O’SiAlON-BN复合材料(Si2-zAlzO1 zN2-z的z=0.3)。首先在n(SiO2)/n(αSi3N4)=1的理论配比,1700℃保温2h的条件下对比研究了Y2O3 TiO2和Y2O3 B2O3两种混合烧结助剂对该复合材料的助烧效果。结果表明:Y2O3 TiO2作为烧结助剂比Y2O3 B2O3有更好的促进烧结作用,且复合材料的相对密度随着BN(分别为10%,20%和30%)的增加而降低;XRD分析发现,αSi3N4、SiO2原料在理论配比的情况下,会导致βSi3N4相剩余,为了得到O’SiAlON和BN相含量高的复合材料,需要加入过量的SiO2。根据此研究结果,在以Y2O3 TiO2作烧结剂,BN加入量为10%的条件下,通过4因素3水平(因素水平如下:A———n(SiO2)/n(αSi3N4),取1.05、1.1、1.2;B———烧结助剂加入量,取2%、4%、6%;C———烧成温度,取1600℃、1650℃、1700℃;D———保温时间,取1h、2h、3h)的正交试验确定了影响O’SiAlON-BN复合材料烧结性能的主要因素依次为烧成温度、保温时间、烧结助剂加入量、n(SiO2)/n(αSi3N4),合成的复合材料相对密度最高的工艺参数组合为A3B3C3D3;利用统计模式识别方法对合成O’SiAlON-BN复合材料的工艺条件参数进行了优化,得到的优化区为:Y>1024X2-230.400X 11.088(其中,X=0.9999A-0.0006C-0.0163D,Y=0.0163A 0.0009B-0.0014C 0.9999D),在此优化区内,复合材料中全部为O’SiAlON和BN相,无残留βSi3N4相。     

烧成温度对Al2TiO5-ZrO2复合材料性能的影响

首先以平均粒径为6 μm的预合成Al2TiO5为初始原料,分散在Zr4 浓度为0.06 mol·L-1的氧氯化锆溶液中,以氨水为沉淀剂,将液相共沉淀形成的前驱体经650℃焙烧1 h,制得纳米ZrO2含量(w)分别为2%、5%、8%的Al2TiO5-ZrO2复合粉体;然后在复合粉体中加入6%聚乙烯醇(PVA)结合剂,以100 MPa压力制成53 mm×10 mm×10 mm试样,1 10 ℃干燥2 h后,经1 350、1 400、1 450、1 500℃保温2 h烧成制备了Al2TiO5-ZrO2复合材料.对烧后试样的显气孔率、抗折强度、热膨胀率进行了分析测定,借助XRD、SEM分析了Al2TiO5粉体物相组成及烧后部分试样的物相组成和显微结构,并研究了烧成温度对不同ZrO2含量试样的烧结性能、热膨胀性能、抗热震性能与显微结构的影响.结果表明:随着烧成温度的提高和ZrO2含量的增加,显气孔率与抗折强度呈现不规则的变化趋势,此种情况与预合成Al2TiO5粉磨后微粉的物相变化有关;烧成温度为1 500℃时,ZrO2含量为2%的试样,在1 250℃的热膨胀卒为0.16%,显微结构致密,抗热震性能好.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.