产纤溶酶海洋枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵工艺研究

对一株产纤溶酶的海洋枯草芽孢杆菌LJ-22的固、液体发酵条件分别进行了优化,确定该菌株的最佳液体发酵条件为温度31℃,初始pH7.0,转速180r/min,接种量4%,培养时间72h,最佳固体发酵条件为温度34℃,初始pH7.0,接种量10%,装样量10g,静置培养时间72h。在上述条件下,菌株LJ-22的液体发酵产纤溶酶酶活为(830±12.5)IU/mL,是优化前的1.69倍,固体发酵产纤溶酶酶活为(4300±12.8)IU/g,是优化前的1.56倍。通过比较固、液体发酵条件及产酶酶活,得出该菌株更适合液体发酵,便于大规模工业生产。     

产纤溶酶菌株根霉12~#的诱变育种及固态发酵培养基的优化

以产纤溶酶的菌株根霉 12 # 为出发菌株 ,对其进行紫外线 氯化锂复合诱变 ,筛选到74株制霉素抗性突变株。所有抗性突变株经进一步固态发酵筛选 ,获得了 4株稳定高产纤溶酶的正突变株 ,其纤溶酶产量分别比出发菌株提高 3 2 9%、2 1 5 %、2 2 3 %和 18 0 %。以其中的 1株为菌种 ,研究了固态发酵产生纤溶酶的培养基组成。采用单因素试验、均匀设计方法对固态发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、碳氮比、初始pH、加水量、无机盐加量进行了优化。结果表明 ,实验范围内根霉 12 # 固态发酵产生纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为 :m (麸皮 )∶m (豆粕 )=1∶2 ,初始 pH5 0 ,加水量 0 75mL/g物料 ,MnSO4·H2 O和 (NH4) 2 SO4加量分别为 0 2 5 %和1 42 % (对物料 )。优化条件下的固态发酵纤溶酶产量平均达 744 5 7U/g物料。     

纤溶菌固态发酵条件及溶栓作用的研究

分离出一株能产纤溶酶的芽孢杆菌菌株,以大豆为原料对其产纤溶酶的固态发酵工艺进行研究,对发酵产物进行了提取.结果表明,最适培养基组成为面粉:大豆(W/W)=1:8,培养基加水量为0.75 mL/g物料,初始pH自然;接种量为2mL/100g物料,培养基厚度为18g/250mL三角瓶,培养时间为60h,温度37℃.优化条件下的固体发酵纤溶酶产量平均达580.52 U(尿激酶单位)/g物料.     

固体豆粕为氮源根霉12~#产纤溶酶液体发酵条件的优化

以固体豆粕为氮源,通过单因素、Plackett-Burman试验设计和正交试验,从无机氮源、胰蛋白胨、初始pH值、接种量和发酵周期方面优化了中华根霉12#产纤溶酶的液体发酵条件.试验结果表明,该菌株液体发酵产纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为:麸皮水5%,豆粕粉6%,NaNO30.2%,NH4Cl 0.1%,胰蛋白胨2.5%,初始pH4.3;适宜的培养条件是:接种量20%,发酵周期60h,纤溶酶酶活力为182.00U/mL.     

毕赤酵母工程菌pk53产纤溶酶发酵条件的优化

对1株产纤溶酶毕赤酵母工程菌菌株pk53,利用单因素试验和正交试验确定该菌株的适宜廉价发酵培养基为:麸皮1.5%,豆粕粉2.0%,KH2PO40.5%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.05%;发酵条件为:接种龄14 h,接种量1%,甲醇添加量1.5%,培养基装液量30 mL(250 mL三角瓶),生长pH为5.5,诱导pH为6.0;在此条件下培养,纤溶酶酶活力达429.06 U/mL,是初始发酵条件下酶活力的8.88倍。     

单曲霉菌与混合曲霉菌发酵对纤溶酶活性的影响

以三株经过筛选诱变得到的纤溶酶高产突变株作为实验菌株,以大豆为原料,选取诱变后纤溶酶活性较大的黑曲霉3.4309进行单因素实验,以纤溶酶活性为指标,确定其产纤溶酶活性的最适发酵温度为30℃、接种量为10%、料水比0.6mL/g、装料量20g/250mL、pH5.5,发酵72h纤溶酶活性达到1.16TAME U/mL。在此条件下,运用混料设计确定最适的混菌接入量为黑曲霉3.4309添加4.3%、米曲霉3.800添加2.1%、米曲霉3.5232添加3.6%,72h发酵纤溶酶活性最大达到1.311TAME U/mL,比最优条件下单菌发酵纤溶酶活性高13%。     

产纤溶酶菌株粪肠球菌EF608液体发酵工艺优化研究

以本实验室筛选到产纤溶酶的粪肠球菌EF608为发酵菌株,通过研究得到该菌株产纤溶酶的最佳工艺条件为:葡萄糖2%,蛋白胨0.75%,牛肉膏0.75%,酵母提取物0.5%,K2HPO4·3H2O1%,NaCl0.2%,MgSO4·7H2O0.02%,初始pH7.5,接种量为6%,装液量为15%,37℃培养10h,发酵液纤溶酶活性达到1833IU/mL。     

海洋源纤溶酶高产菌株的诱变育种及液体培养基优化

为获得纤溶酶高产菌株及其最优发酵条件,以海洋环境来源的枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）H-A-03为出发菌株,经过60Co辐射诱变获得了一株遗传稳定性好的纤溶酶高产菌株F8-C,其酶活力较出发菌株提高28.78%。采用统计学优化方法获得了组分更简单、用量更少、更利于菌株产酶的培养基：可溶性淀粉41.6 g/L、黄豆粕粉26.2 g/L、CaCl2 1.0 g/L,KH2PO4 2.0 g/L。在此基础上,3 L摇瓶放大试验结果显示,菌株F8-C的产酶量达到（3 231±21） U/mL,较出发菌株H-A-3提高44.8%。结果表明利用60Co辐射诱变育种,并采用统计学方法优化培养基,对于提高枯草芽孢杆菌纤溶酶的产酶量是一种有效策略。该研究结果也将为下一步发酵罐扩大试验奠定基础。     

根霉产纤溶酶液体发酵培养基的优化

通过单因素,均匀设计和正交试验,从碳氮比、无机氮源、胰蛋白胨、pH值方面优化了根霉液体发酵产生纤溶酶的培养基组成.试验结果表明,试验范围内菌株液体发酵产纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为:麸皮水5.6%,豆粕水解液5.3%,二者体积比为2∶3,磷酸氢二铵0.4%,硝酸钠0.5%,pH值自然.优化培养基的纤溶酶酶活力为140.00U/mL.     

红河传统发酵豆豉中高纤溶活性菌株的分离筛选及其纤溶酶基因分析

运用脱脂乳固体培养基及纤维蛋白固体培养基的两步分离筛选法,从云南红河传统发酵豆豉中分离筛选具有高产豆豉纤溶酶活性的菌株,同时对它们的豆豉纤溶酶基因进行克隆分析,以期为新型功能性豆豉的研发提供备选菌株及理论依据。研究结果表明,两步分离筛选法能有效地从云南红河传统发酵豆豉中筛选到高产豆豉纤溶酶的菌株Bacillus subtilis LC-2-1,对该高产菌株的豆豉纤溶酶成熟肽基因分析及预测结果表明,菌株B subtilis LC-2-1确实能分泌一种由825个碱基编码275个氨基酸残基且分子量约为27.4kDa的豆豉纤溶酶,与纳豆激酶及其他豆豉纤溶酶相比差异显著,同源性仅为85.1%。同时其豆豉纤溶酶活性分析结果则表明,菌株B subtilis LC-2-1所产纤溶酶活性较高,可达79.84 U/mL。因此,本研究结果将为新型且具有溶血栓功能发酵豆豉的研发提供备选菌株及理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.