低粘度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯作微胶囊壁材的研究

本文测定了低粘度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯和阿拉伯树胶的粘度,并分别采用低粘度的辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯和阿拉伯树胶作色拉油微胶囊体系的壁材,测定了乳状液的乳化稳定性和产品的微胶囊包埋率及贮存稳定性。研究结果表明:低粘度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯粘度比阿拉伯树胶低;以低粘度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为壁材的微胶囊的包埋效果效率、贮藏稳定性优于阿拉伯树胶,且随取代度的增加低粘度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为壁材制成的微胶囊的贮存稳定性也增加。     

非晶态辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的结构与理化性质关系研究

以非晶态蜡质玉米淀粉与辛烯基琥珀酸酐反应制备了系列不同取代度(DS)的辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯,用红外、核磁进行了表征。研究了淀粉酯制备效率及其内部结构、取代度及分子量与乳化、包埋性能的关系。结果表明:与原淀粉相比较,非晶态淀粉和辛烯基琥珀酸酐的反应效率得到明显提高,DS也增大;非晶态淀粉酯的乳化和包埋性能明显高于具有相近DS的晶态淀粉酯,当DS=0.0203时,其乳化能力、乳化稳定性以及包埋率分别达到68%、67.3%及55.2%。乳化能力和乳化稳定性随着DS和分子量的增加没有明显对应关系,而包埋率则随着DS和分子量的增加逐渐升高,呈明显正相关。     

辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯取代度与理化特性关系研究

研究辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的取代度与理化特性的关系对提高其性能具有重要意义。以蜡质玉米淀粉和辛烯基琥珀酸酐为原料制备了系列不同取代度的辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯,探讨了制备工艺条件,并用红外考察了特征吸收峰随取代度的变化情况。研究了取代度对辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的乳化和包埋性能的影响,结果显示,乳化能力及乳化稳定性随着取代度的增大呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,包埋率则随着取代度的增大而逐渐提高,但二者总体均比进口产品低。进一步采用XRD和DSC技术对自制和进口产品进行结构分析,结果表明,淀粉的结构也是影响产品的乳化及包埋性能的重要因素之一。     

高价离子型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯作为微胶囊壁材的研究

以钠型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为原料,制备高价离子型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(钡型、钙型、三价铁型),并以柠檬油为芯材,高价离子型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为壁材,采用喷雾干燥法制备柠檬油微胶囊,测定了高价离子型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的离子交换率,乳液的乳化稳定性及黏度,并考察了此种淀粉酯作为微胶囊壁材对柠檬油包埋率的影响,最后利用扫描电子显微镜观察微胶囊的形貌特征。结果表明,淀粉酯中离子化合价的改变对乳液黏度、乳化稳定性和柠檬油的包埋率均有显著影响(p<0.05),其中,三价铁型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯作壁材时,乳液黏度为1.04 mPa·s,柠檬油包埋率达到了96.51%;扫描电镜分析表明,三价铁型壁材制备的微胶囊粒径最大,囊壁最厚。说明三价铁型辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯可作为一种性能良好的微胶囊壁材。     

辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉酯在乳化桔子香精中的应用

以辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉酯作为乳化桔子香精的乳化稳定剂,研究了相应的优化工艺条件.结果表明,辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉酯可用于桔子乳化香精中,添加辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉酯能制得较为稳定的乳化体系.优化工艺条件为:辛烯基琥珀酸木薯淀粉酯质量分数14%、取代度0 017、桔子香精质量分数6.5%、均浆温度为20℃、均浆时间为5min.在此条件下制得的乳化香精,稀释后仍有一定的稳定性.     

乙酰化辛烯基琥珀酸蜡质玉米淀粉酯的制备及性质研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,选取乙酸酐和辛烯基琥珀酸酐对其进行双重酯化改性,以取代度为衡量标准,确定了蜡质玉米双重酯化淀粉的制备顺序是先进行乙酸酐的乙酰化再进行辛烯基琥珀酸酐的酯化,得到产物乙酰化辛烯基琥珀酸蜡质玉米淀粉酯。按照确定好的酯化顺序,以实验室自制取代度为0.0768的乙酰化淀粉为原料,采用单因素和正交实验的方法研究湿法工艺制备乙酰化辛烯基琥珀酸蜡质玉米淀粉酯,得出最佳工艺条件为:在辛烯基琥珀酸酐加入量为3%的情况下,淀粉乳初始浓度30%,反应体系pH8.5,反应温度35℃,反应时间4h。采用最佳工艺条件所得产品辛烯基琥珀酸酐酯化取代度为0.0197,利用红外光谱分析方法对乙酰化辛烯基琥珀酸蜡质玉米淀粉酯的结构进行了初步表征,并对产品的乳化性及乳化稳定性、透明度、表观黏度等性质做了测定和分析。     

辛烯基琥珀酸酐纤维素酯的合成及其结构表征

甘薯渣中含有丰富的纤维素成分,利用超声波辅助酶水解,碱解和酸解的方法提取纤维素,将甘薯渣中的纤维素利用DMAc/Li Cl均相体系与辛烯基琥珀酸酐对其进行改性。该研究以纤维素为原料,采用CCD中心组合试验设计研究m_(DMAP)/m_(纤维素)、n_(OSA)/n_(纤维素)、反应温度、反应时间4个因素对辛烯基琥珀酸酐纤维素酯取代度的影响,并对辛烯基琥珀酸酐纤维素酯取代度的工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,对辛烯基琥珀酸酐纤维素酯合成的影响大小顺序为m_(DMAP)/m_(纤维素)n_(OSA)/n_(纤维素)反应温度反应时间,从回归模型方差分析表中求得最佳工艺条件为m_(DMAP)/m_(纤维素)=0.48,温度78.64℃,时间186.52 min,n_(OSA)/n_(纤维素)=1.93,此条件下取代度预测值为0.385,验证试验预测精度高达94.81%,并对辛烯基琥珀酸酐纤维素酯进行红外光谱、扫描电镜等研究,以探讨其基团分布、表观形貌等特征。     

低黏度辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯的性质研究

用酸醇解法制备了低黏度辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯,并将其与马铃薯原淀粉、辛烯基琥珀酸马铃薯淀粉酯和酸醇解马铃薯淀粉在显微形态、RVA图谱、透明度、凝沉稳定性和乳化稳定性上的特点进行了研究对比;结果表明经酸醇解和辛烯基琥珀酸酐酯化处理后,明显提高了马铃薯淀粉的透明度、凝沉稳定性和乳化稳定性.     

酶解辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯制备粉末油脂工艺

利用酶解辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为壁材,以油脂为芯材,制备粉末油脂。研究结果表明,乳化液制备的最佳条件为乳化温度60℃,乳化时间15min,加水量10倍（相比于固形物）。制备的乳化液经喷雾干燥得到流动性、稳定性良好的粉末油脂。在油脂包埋率方面,以酶解辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为壁材,优于麦芽糊精、玉米淀粉为壁材。     

不同原料制备的酶解辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯作微胶囊壁材的性质比较

主要研究了不同原料的酶解辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的制备及其性质特征,着重比较了其粘度、乳化稳定性、包埋能力及作为壁材的微胶囊油脂的贮藏稳定性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.