递推式ARTP-UV复合诱变筛选高产β-葡萄糖苷酶菌株

为了提高产酶能力,采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)与紫外(UV)复合诱变技术对酿酒酵母G13、G21菌株进行递推式复合诱变,经过一轮ARTP诱变两轮UV诱变,摇瓶培养筛选到两株高产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株Dea-G13D1Z2、Dma-G21D1Z2,经连续5代发酵生产试验,产酶水平可分别稳定在240.93和173.38 U/mL,是出发菌株G13、G21酶活的4.61倍和3.59倍。递推式ARTP-UV是一种有效的微生物突变育种的方法,可有效应用于微生物育种工作。     

常压室温等离子体诱变筛选高乳糖酶活力酵母的研究

探讨常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变筛选高乳糖酶活力乳酸克鲁维酵母的条件。以ARTP诱变育种方法为诱变手段,对乳酸克鲁维酵母进行不同时长(10 s依次增加到300 s)的诱变处理,并结合高通量筛选方法快速筛选出33株乳糖酶活力提高50%以上的突变菌株。通过复筛最终得到4株高乳糖酶活力的突变菌株,采用三角瓶摇床培养,结果表明:筛选得到的突变菌株的乳糖酶活力均大于原始菌株,其中最大乳糖酶活力提高到0.257 U/mL,是原始菌株(0.090 U/mL)的2.8倍;4株突变菌株生长速度比原始菌株显著提高。ARTP诱变育种技术结合高通量筛选方法是1种快速、有效的新型微生物诱变育种方法。     

低嘌呤酿酒酵母的ARTP法诱变育种

采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变育种系统对酿酒酵母菌株A、B分别进行诱变,选育诱变菌株发酵的啤酒用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、黄嘌呤、次黄嘌呤的含量,4种嘌呤在1~16 mg/L的测定范围内,相关系数R20.999,具有良好的线性关系。实验结果表明:诱变酵母菌株A-3发酵啤酒中嘌呤含量为77.67 mg/L,比初始菌株A的101.64 mg/L降低23.6%;诱变酵母菌株B-4发酵啤酒中嘌呤含量为76.26 mg/L,比初始菌株A的96.84 mg/L降低21.3%。诱变菌株A-3、B-4进行连续传代10次并进行发酵啤酒实验,诱变菌株A-3、B-4的发酵性能、发酵啤酒中总嘌呤含量和啤酒品质保持稳定。这表明ARTP诱变方法选育低嘌呤酿酒酵母菌种是可行的。     

常压室温等离子体诱变与微生物微液滴培养选育谷胱甘肽高产菌株

为提升野生毕赤酵母菌株BY-1产谷胱甘肽的能力,通过常压室温等离子体（atmospheric and room temperatureplasma,ARTP）诱变技术得到诱变菌株BY-1-26。进一步在摇瓶培养过程中添加1,2,4-三氮唑,提高诱变菌株产量。最后将1,2,4-三氮唑作为筛选因子,利用微生物微液滴培养（microbial microdroplet culture system,MMC）仪对诱变菌株进行适应性进化,获得了1株高产谷胱甘肽的突变株BY-2-24,并对其遗传稳定性进行研究。结果表明：出发菌株BY-1经过ARTP诱变处理、抗性梯度平板初筛、MMC适应性进化、摇瓶复筛等,可以选育高产谷胱甘肽突变株。突变株BY-2-24摇瓶产量达（312.13±2.62）mg/L,较出发菌株提高134.26%,且经过7次传代培养,仍然具有较好的遗传稳定性。同时,生物量提高118.33%,表明诱变菌株的生长能力得到提高。研究表明,ARTP与MMC联合应用作为一种简便高效的微生物诱变方式,可用于定向诱变筛选高性能微生物菌株,为高通量选育目标菌株提供了参考。     

基于常压室温等离子体诱变技术选育高产色氨酸突变株的研究

本研究通过常压室温等离子体(ARTP)微生物育种技术,选育到一株高产L-色氨酸的突变株TRP-YP-3-2.与出发菌TRP-1201相比,该突变株生长及耗糖更快、产酸更高.TRP-YP-3-2色氨酸产量达到61.4 g/L,糖酸转化率达到19.25％,比出发菌分别提高了15.41％和22.77％.TRP-YP-3-2的产酸遗传稳定性研究发现经过30代培养后,仍具有很好的遗传稳定性.本研究不仅获得了一株高产色氨酸的突变株,具有很大的经济价值;同时确立的育种方法可为其他工业微生物的诱变育种提供有益的参考.     

利用木糖高产乙醇酵母菌的ARTP诱变选育

为了提高酵母菌利用木糖发酵产乙醇的能力,将分离得到的野生菌株异常威克汉姆酵母A42通过常温常压等离子体（ARTP）技术进行诱变处理,从中选育具有优良性能的高产乙醇突变菌株。结果表明：诱变处理时间120 s为最佳诱变条件,在该条件下对A42进行诱变,此时致死率达到97.53%。对该条件下ARTP诱变后的菌株进行两轮的筛选得到突变菌株A42-338,发酵60 h乙醇含量为20.78 g/L,其乙醇产量较出发菌株提高了42.59%,且传代8次各代乙醇产量变化率不超过2.50%。将异常威克汉姆酵母A42-338在油茶籽壳发酵培养基中发酵60 h乙醇含量为19.88 g/L,还原糖残糖含量为9.06 g/L,其中木糖残糖含量为1.79 g/L,葡萄糖残糖含量为7.27 g/L,木糖利用率为84.61%,葡萄糖利用率为81.05%,糖转化率为0.40 g乙醇/g糖。因此,ARTP诱变是一种高效可行的酵母菌育种方法。     

高产Monacolin K红曲霉的诱变选育及其与酿酒酵母共酵培养

为提高红曲中莫纳克林K含量,以实验室保藏紫色红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）MY-11为原始菌株,利用紫外诱变筛选红曲霉,并进行固态发酵制备红曲,采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对红曲中的莫纳克林K含量进行测定,选出高产莫纳克林K突变株,并与食源性菌株酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）进行共酵。结果表明,通过紫外诱变筛选出2株高产莫纳克林K突变株M7和M8,固态发酵25 d后莫纳克林K含量分别为12.42 mg/g、12.49 mg/g,分别比原始菌株MY-11提高了26%、27%。将诱变菌株M7、M8分别继续与不同添加量的酿酒酵母共酵培养,结果发现加入酵母菌液添加量3%时莫纳克林K含量最高,分别为9.35 mg/g、8.94 mg/g,比对照组提高了2.63%、16.41%。紫外诱变筛选结合共酵培养方法可提高红曲中莫纳克林K含量。     

雨生红球藻等离子诱变及高产藻株的筛选

目的通过等离子体诱变筛选获得高产虾青素的雨生红球藻突变株。方法将常压室温等离子体应(atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)用于雨生红球藻的诱变育种处理。ARTP在常温下以输入功率100 W、处理距离2mm、气体流速10 L/min处理雨生红球藻40s,雨生红球藻的致死率达90%以上。在此条件下获得诱变株后,以虾青素合成抑制剂作为筛选剂,成功筛选获得一株虾青素高产藻株M45。结果该突变株的生物量和生长速率分别较出发株提高了6.45%和8.57%。突变株M45的虾青素含量达3.1%,较出发株提高了51.96%;虾青素产量为71.92 mg/L,相比于出发株提高了61.73%,且遗传稳定性实验表明,M45生产性能稳定。结论经等离子体诱变获得的突变株M45虾青素含量高,生产性能稳定,具有一定的工业应用前景,等离子体诱变方法适用于雨生红球藻的育种。     

西索米星生产菌株的诱变选育及工艺优化

利用原生质体常压室温等离子体（ARTP）诱变方法选育西索米星高产菌株,经诱变筛选获得一株高产菌株I4-10,其西索米星的生物效价达到1 389 U/mL,较原始菌株提高了35.4%。通过对高产菌株I4-10进行碳源、氮源优化,确定可溶性淀粉和牛肉粉是突变菌株I4-10的最适碳源和氮源。进一步采用响应面实验设计方法优化发酵培养基,结果表明黄豆饼粉和DL-蛋氨酸的添加量为显著影响因素,经优化其最适添加质量浓度分别为32.78 g/L和1.75 g/L。在此最适工艺下,西索米星的生物效价提高至1 849 U/mL,较原始菌株提高了80%。最后对原始菌及高产突变株中西索米星代谢途径及菌株生长相关的关键酶进行转录水平比较分析,初步解析了突变菌株I4-10高产西索米星的机制。     

高糖化力白曲霉的复合诱变及固态发酵条件优化

采用紫外线及常压室温等离子体（ARTP）复合诱变技术对白曲霉（Aspergillus candidus）Nz 3.602进行诱变选育。对诱变致死率进行测定,确定最佳诱变条件为：15 W紫外灯照射12 min,ARTP处理40 s。对突变菌株进行透明圈法初筛、糖化力测定法复筛,最终得到产酶能力较高的突变菌株B5。其糖化酶酶活为1 050.32 U/g,较出发菌株糖化酶酶活提高85.53%,并且遗传稳定性较好。以菌株B5为研究对象,经单因素试验和响应面分析法对其固态发酵条件进行优化,最佳固态发酵条件为：糠壳添加量15%,原料含水量70%,接种量12%,培养时间5 d,培养温度30 ℃。该条件下糖化酶酶活为（1 254.17±6.14） U/g,比优化前提高了19.41%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.