基于Internet的可视化协同设计系统的研究与应用

协同虚拟环境是计算机支持的协同工作与虚拟现实相结合的产物，它使协同工作的人们能以最自然的方式进行合作成为了可能。利用现有普通的Internet软硬件条件，提出了一个运行于Internet上的基于协同虚拟环境的技术方案，结合了VRML与JAVA各自的技术特点，构建了以虚拟现实为交互手段的协同工作系统，来支持人们跨Internet的、基于图解思考的可视化协同分析与设计工作。     

一个基于CSCW的协同式计算机辅助设计系统

文中首先建立了一个CSCW系统的基本模型;然后详细介绍了一个基于复制式应用程序共享方式技术的协同式计算机辅助设计系统－CoopCAD的系统结构和关键技术,最后,给出了一个使用CoopCAD系统进行协同设计的例子。     

Data management issues and trade-offs in CSCW systems

Substantial interest has developed in recent years in building computer systems that support cooperative work among groups without the need for physical proximity. This paper examines some of the difficult data management issues in designing systems for computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). Specifically, we consider an example CSCW system to support large-scale team science over the Internet: the Collaboratory Builder's Environment. We discuss the issues of managing shared data in such systems, reducing information overload and providing group awareness and access control. We discuss several promising approaches to these issues. We point out where a significant gap remains in addressing the requirements of such systems and where designers have to make design trade-offs that can be difficult to evaluate. Finally, we discuss several open issues for future work     

Supporting Cooperation through Customisation: The Tviews Approach

User interfaces for groupware systems rarely reflectthe different requirements for support of theirend-users. Here we present an approach to designingmulti-user interfaces for cooperative systems whichbuilds on previous work from the HCI community in thearea of end-user customisation. Using this approach wehave developed an approach and a system prototype basedon tailorable views, or Tviews, which allows end-usersengaged in group working to configure theircooperative system interfaces to support theirdifferent tasks, preferences and levels of expertise.Tviews are user interface components which can bedragged and dropped over representations ofapplication objects to customise presentation,interaction and event updating properties, and canthemselves be tailored using high-level, incrementalcustomisation techniques. We discuss the implicationsof this work for CSCW system development by referenceto studies of work carried out by the CSCW communitywhich point to a need for more flexible and tailorablesystem interfaces.     

计算机协同教学系统探究

计算机支持协同工作(CSCW)的出现,反映了人们对计算机功能需求的改变,即希望计算机系统从传统的解决计算问题发展为辅助用户间的交互活动。介绍了CSCW的基本概念和作用,对基于CSCW支持下的协同教学系统模式和功能进行了分析,对协同教学系统策略进行了研究。     

Computer supported cooperative work: an overview

Abstract

Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) is a new field which embraces the fields of psychology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, human factors, computer science and system analysis, design and implementation. CSCW exploits the increasing ubiquity and power of technology, and our growing knowledge of how people work together in groups and teams, in order to improve the effectiveness of teams of all sizes–from two people up to whole organisations. CSCW technology aspects include communication systems, shared workspace facilities, shared information facilities and group activity supportfacilities. CSCW group process aspects include individual aspects, organisational aspects, group work design aspects and group dynamics aspects. The paper discusses all of these issues in more detail as well as describing categories of CSCW products, and the potential long-term impact of CSCW on group work and business activities.     

Intelligent support for activity management (ISAM): an architectureto support distributed supervisory control

Distributed supervisory control is the monitoring and control of complex, dynamic, highly automated systems by a team of human operators. As such, it is an example of a cooperative work environment. The goal of this paper is to analyze the nature of cooperative work in distributed supervisory control environments and describe implications for computer support. In particular, we argue that flexible support for activity management is a key requirement for computer support for distributed supervisory control, and we propose the intelligent support for activity management (ISAM) architecture as one infrastructure for doing so. The design and implementation of ISAM draws from previous work on intelligent operator's associate systems and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) systems. A graphical user interface to ISAM and an evaluation study of this system in the context of team supervisory control are also described     

Supporting cooperative applications

Cooperative applications which have started to emerge from CSCW research place new demands on the computer technology used to support them. These demands raise a number of fundamental questions about the way in which computing systems provide application support. This paper examines a number of issues surrounding the support of cooperative applications and how they impact both CSCW and computer science research. In particular, the relationship between cooperative applications and the supporting techniques of distributed systems and database technology are investigated. Cooperative applications question many of the design assumptions embodied within these techniques, and ask far reaching questions of the technology. Traditionally, support systems have been unaware of cooperative activities and have hidden the actions of others from each user. This paper examines the implications of this choice and the need to consider alternative approaches to the provision of systems support. The paper concludes by highlighting a number of issues which need to be addressed both by computer science and CSCW reseachers.     

CSCW系统中的群组通信研究

计算机支持的协同工作(CSCW)是一种将人类合作行为模式与计算机支持技术融合为一体的新兴技术,目前已广泛应用于桌面会议系统、远程教学等领域。在CSCW系统中群组通信的研究日益引起人们的关注。文中主要就目前出现的一些群组通信系统进行一定的分析比较,指出CSCW系统中群组通信的特征和一些需要解决的关键问题,并初步提出一个群组通信系统———CSCWGCS系统。CSCWGCS系统适用于WAN环境并且具有良好的可扩展性,同时该系统与其设计思想来源Xpand系统相比,更好地适应多媒体应用环境,为其提供了不同的通信服务质量。     

计算机支持下的协同工作的研究现状综述

计算机支持的协同工作主要是研究如何利用网络通信、多媒体和计算机技术,支持工作群体成员在共享环境下的协同工作、共同完成某项任务,近年来发展十分迅速。在总结国际国内 ＣＳＣＷ研究工作的基础上,对ＣＳＣＷ的模型、通信协议、协作机制的实现方法、同步机制、人机交互接口和ＣＳＣＷ的应用等等各方面的主要内容和研究现状做了一全面的综述,以期对我国ＣＳＣＷ的研究与发展能起到一定的推动作用。     

Multigroup decision-support systems in CSCW

Research in computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) has concentrated on developing techniques and support systems for groups of tightly coupled individuals focused on activities such as group writing and design development. A natural extension involves group decision-support systems (GDSS) that can assist multiple groups working in different places at different times. Our work extends the GDSS approach to a multigroup decision-support system (MGDSS) and uses the advanced integrated requirements engineering system (AIRES) for support. Two case studies, including data from user questionnaires, indicate a high level of user satisfaction with the support the system provides. The MGDSS process and AIRES software support idea elicitation to solve complex problems. The system automatically organizes and assesses these ideas to help large groups build consensus     

基于CSCW的协同图形的存储技术的研究

由于计算机支持的协同工作(CSCW)能提高人们的工作效率,而计算机支持的协同学习(CSCL)又是CSCW思想在教育领域的一个重要应用。为此,利用JAVA与XML相结合的技术,实现了对CSCL系统中由协同图形设计(CSGD)所产生的图形学习资源的存储与管理,以保证协同学习系统的实用性、真实性和连续性。     

Design and implementation of a multimedia CSCW platform

In this paper, a generic four-layer framework for computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) is proposed. With clear separation of functionalities in each layer of the framework, application developers could implement their specific CSCW applications easily. Based on the four-layer framework, the architecture of a general purpose CSCW platform is designed and implemented with the necessary functionalities to help the collaborations among group members. To provide the system with more features and user friendliness, multimedia processing and transmission capabilities for audio and video are incorporated into the platform. Features like application-sharing, group decision support, multimedia mail transmission, etc., are well implemented in the platform. Moreover, an efficient network transport protocol, called VXTP, is designed and implemented to avoid the transmission overhead of conventional TCP. The performance measurements using both VXTP and TCP are given in the paper for comparison. Lastly, compared with other CSCW systems, our design achieves greater flexibility and portability by adopting the generality philosophy in the framework.     

计算机支持的协同绘制技术论述

随着网络技术和分布式系统的发展,计算机支持的协同工作是在信息时代发展起来的一门新兴学科。文章论述了计算机支持的协同工作技术,分析了常用三种体系结构,探讨在协同绘制中图形对象的一致性技术,并提出一种协同绘制系统的架构。     

P2P环境下CSCW应用共享机制的研究

应用共享技术是计算机支持协同工作(CSCW)系统中支持同步协作的关键技术之一.首先讨论了CSCW中已有的应用共享实现机制,然后提出了基于P2P平台下的完全复制应用共享机制;最后给出具体模型框架的实现方法,并对模型中的动作控制、会晤服务和状态控制等关键组件进行详细阐述.     

CSCW环境下对多数据库的操作

ＣＳＣＷ（Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ ＳＵｐｐｏｒｔｅｄ Ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ Ｗｏｒｋ）是计算机支持的多个用户进行协同工作的研究范畴。它面向的是应用用户,而大部分用户都或多或少地与数据库打交道。这些数据库的特点是,可能先于ＣＳＣＷ系统早就存在的,从而有其多态性、自治性及适应于ＣＳＣＷ环境的分布性。为此,本文就用户在该环境下面对多个数据库的操作进行分析,提出了用户对多数据库操作的语句句法及其实现策略。     

Taking CSCW seriously

The topic of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has attracted much attention in the last few years. While the field is obviously still in the process of development, there is a marked ambiguity about the exact focus of the field. This lack of focus may hinder its further development and lead to its dissipation. In this paper we set out an approach to CSCW as a field of research which we believe provides a coherent conceptual framework for this area, suggesting that it should be concerned with thesupport requirements of cooperative work arrangements. This provides a more principled, comprehensive, and, in our opinion, more useful conception of the field than that provided by the conception of CSCW as being focused on computer support for groups. We then investigate the consequences of taking this alternative conception seriously, in terms of research directions for the field. As an indication of the fruits of this approach, we discuss the concept of ‘articulation work’ and its relevance to CSCW. This raises a host of interesting problems that are marginalized in the work on small group support but critical to the success of CSCW systems ‘in the large’, i. e., that are designed to meet current work requirements in the everyday world.     

协同工作的人与人交互界面

计算机支持的协同工作ＣＳＣＷ一般涉及到多台机器、多个应用程序和多个人。这样不仅存在人机对话，而且要求计算机能支持人与人之间的协同效互，并对应用工具进行管理。本文提出了人与人交互界面的概念，并在ＳＵＮ ＳＰＡＲＣ上设计并实现了一个原型系统ＨＨＩ。ＨＨＩ以语言学中的言语－行为理论为基础，将多个应用程序和参与人员集中起来，进行统一管理并允许动态地变化。通过ＨＨＩ，不同地点的用户能同步或异步地交互。     

最优预测理论在同步CSCW中的应用

运用现代控制论中的最优预测理论,对同步ＣＳＣＷ系统中的对象行为进行Ｋａｌｍａｎ预测,并通过这种方法来限制系统的带宽,同时给出了一个使用最优预测算法的,低带宽网的ＣＳＣＷ网络软件平台（ＣｏｎＷｏｒｋ）的设计方法及其实现,并提供了定量测试的数据,该系统运行以太网环境中。     

Integrating technologies to support action

As computer supported co-operative work (CSCW) becomes of increasing practical significance in business and public sector organisations, there is a need to develop a framework which can embed CSCW within the wider needs of the organisation. It is proposed here, based on specific study into the group working of executives, that such a framework needs to draw on the four domains of business drivers, information, human and social aspects, and technology. In much of the work to date for executives, there has been a preoccupation with their decision support needs. It is proposed that ‘systems to support action’ (SSA) should be given greater significance. The framework to underpin SSA could be based on one of the systems approaches, and that particularly examined here is managerial cybernetics, as developed by Stafford Beer.