单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌能力验证样品的 制备与验证

目的研究制备适用于验证、评价实验室或检测机构检测能力的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes,LM)的能力验证冷冻干燥样品。方法对目标菌与干扰菌进行10倍梯度稀释,对不同稀释度的菌液进行菌落计数得到菌含量,确定单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌与干扰菌的添加量;对保护剂和预冻条件进行筛选优化,制备单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌能力验证样品。冻干样品采用西林瓶真空包装,4℃条件下冷藏保存,随机取样检测评估样品均匀性,并在210 d期间内定期抽样检测不同贮存温度下的冻干样品,检测评估样品的稳定性。结果每个冷冻干燥阳性样品最终添加目标菌单增李斯特菌和干扰菌分别为10~2 CFU/m L和10~4 CFU/m L;每个阴性样品添加干扰菌10~4 CFU/m L;最佳冻干保护剂的组合为海藻糖3%,脱脂奶粉8%,谷氨酸钠1.5%。检测结果显示PT冻干样品具有较好的均匀性和稳定性。结论建立的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌能力验证样品制备方法与评估程序均为有效,适用于验证与评价实验室或检查机构检测能力,满足能力验证活动的要求。     

副溶血性弧菌鉴定能力验证样品的制备

目的 研制适用于副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio Parahaemolyticus,VP)能力验证(PT)项目的VP菌及干扰菌的冷冻干燥样品,建立有效的样品制备与评估流程.方法 通过不同比例混匀的VP和干扰菌拟态弧菌(Vibrio minicus,VM)经冻干后在鉴定培养基上菌落生长优势比,确定制备PT样品的混合菌VP和VM的浓度比例;通过系统抽样和鉴定以评估样品的均一性;通过观察样品在180 d保存期内菌量的变化情况以评估样品的稳定性;根据188间检测实验室反馈的鏊定结果以评估和计算样品的实际合格率.结果 选择5 000:1比例制备的VP和VM混合PT样品能在鉴定培养基有效分离两种菌落;抽检的40份样品均能有效鉴定,显示PT样品具有较好的一致性;通过保存温度和时间的稳定性实验显示,PT样品在36℃下能稳定保存5d,冻干后PT样品于4℃保存180 d后VP菌仍能检出;188家参与实验室检测结果显示,PT样品合格率为97.3％.结论 本研究制备的冻干PT样品及实验流程控制适用于副溶血性弧菌及类似的微生物鉴定能力验证项目.     

乳粉中阪崎肠杆菌标准物质的研制

建立乳粉中阪崎肠杆菌标准物质的制备方法.对阪崎肠杆菌真空冷冻干燥过程中使用的三种保护剂进行比较,筛选出效果最好的奶液(即脱脂奶粉与无菌水的比例为1∶4)作为保护剂,用于冷冻干燥时提高阪崎肠杆菌活菌存活率.在奶液中添加一定浓度的阪崎肠杆菌,使用真空冷冻干燥技术制备成冻干奶粉样品,测其含菌量,根据测得的菌落数量,按比例加入脱脂奶粉混匀稀释成平板菌落计数为10～15 g-1的标准样品,经真空包装获得2批共300个独立包装的冻干阪崎肠杆菌标准样品(10g/包).经过均匀性与稳定性检验,样品的定值及不确定度评估.结果表明:该标准物质均匀性、稳定性良好,该方法对进一步完善微生物尤其是致病菌标准物质的制备具有参考价值.     

沙门氏菌能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性评价

为了验证实验室能力验证时派发检样是否能符合验证要求,进行了样品均匀性和稳定性评价试验。以沙门氏菌为目标菌株,弗氏柠檬酸杆菌为干扰菌株,以进口无抗脱脂牛乳作为保护剂,分别制备阳性样品和阴性样品,分两批随机抽取阴性样品和阳性样品各10管,复活培养,统计目标菌在培养基上的保有量和样品检出率。结果表明:所有阴性样品中均未检出目标菌,而在所有阳性样品中均检出目标菌,表明本文制备的样品是均匀的;阳性样品沙门氏菌检出率100%,阴性样品中沙门氏菌检出率0,稳定性良好。样品能满足能力验证样品的要求。     

乳粉中沙门氏菌能力验证样品研制及应用评价

目的 研制均一性和稳定性符合能力验证要求的沙门氏菌能力验证样品,并应用于乳粉中沙门氏菌检测的能力验证。方法 ： 选取本实验室保存的ATCC、CMCC标准菌株及食品中分离菌株作为能力验证样品的菌株来源,采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱和全自动微生物分析系统进行种属确认,并对沙门氏菌标准菌株进行血清学分型;采用冷冻干燥技术制备沙门氏菌能力验证样品,一套能力验证样品包括沙门氏菌阳性、阴性样品各1瓶以及灭菌的25g乳粉基质两份,阳性样本包含单一血清型的沙门氏菌、背景细菌和干扰菌,阴性样品仅含有背景细菌和干扰菌;采用冷冻干燥技术制备沙门氏菌能力验证样品,取阴性、阳性各20个能力验证样品添加灭菌乳粉基质后按照国标方法进行均匀性检验,并参照CNAS-GL003:2018,采用MPN法对能力验证样品进行沙门氏菌计数,评价其对其储藏稳定性和运输稳定性进行评价,取阴性、阳性各20个能力验证样品添加灭菌乳粉基质后参照国标方法进行均匀性检验,并分别取3个样品于-20℃、4℃、25℃和37℃条件下保藏,添加灭菌乳粉基质后采用MPN法进行沙门氏菌计数;根据随机数字表对阴性、阳性样本进行编码,以防止机构实验室间数据串通。结果： 乳粉中沙门氏菌检测能力验证阳性样品于-20℃保藏12个月、4℃保藏7天 d后,沙门氏菌含量均仍能达到103以上;样品于25℃和37℃保藏7天后均能检出沙门氏菌,稳定性较好。17家实验室应用本样品进行了能力验证,报送结果与预期一致,的沙门氏菌分离鉴定结果评价均为满意,11家实验室报送了血清分型结果,其中9家合格。结论： 研制的沙门氏菌能力验证样品能够满足乳粉中沙门氏菌检测能力验证的需求,本次能力验证可以真实的反应参试单位实验室的检验能力。     

菌落总数能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性的研究

采用真空冷冻干燥方式分别制备菌落总数能力验证阳性样品与阴性样品,西林瓶真空包装、4℃冷藏贮存,制备出以脱脂奶粉为基质的均匀性好、稳定性强的菌落总数能力验证样品。通过随机抽样以评估样品的均匀性;通过观察样品在12周内不同温度下菌落总数的测试结果以评估样品的稳定性。结果表明,随机抽检的样品具有较好的均匀性;贮存温度对样品稳定性有较大影响,高温明显降低样品稳定性;通过保存温度和时间的稳定性检验显示测试结果符合预期效果,样品具有较好的稳定性。建立了有效的菌落总数能力验证样品制备的方法与评价程序。     

志贺氏菌标准物质的制备方法

采用冷冻干燥法制备标准物质。通过正交试验法选择冻干保护率最高的保护剂配方方案。以鸡肉粉作为标准物质基质,按比例与保护剂配方混合,添加拟定菌数的新鲜菌液后进行冷冻干燥。实验制备的标准物质样品其特性值（含菌数）为530 CFU/瓶,不确定度为24 CFU/瓶。冷冻干燥样品在－20 ℃及4 ℃条件下保存12 个月,特性值稳定;25 ℃条件下保存9 个月,特性值稳定;60 ℃条件下保存,稳定性差。     

副溶血性弧菌水产品能力验证样品的制备

本文旨在研究水产品中副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,VP)能力验证样品的制备。通过前期摸索调查,了解水产品中的微生物检出率,选择检出率高的两种菌为拟态弧菌(Vibrio minicus,VM)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens,PF),它们既作为模拟水产品微环境的存在菌,也作为干扰菌来增加能力验证的难度。本文通过不同比例的VP、VM和PF经冻干后在选择性培养基上菌落生长的优势比,确定其混合比例;通过随机抽样和鉴定以评估样品的均一性,通过对样品保存90 d内不同条件下的样品的菌含量的变化情况来评价样品的稳定性。结论:本研究的冻干PT样品及实验流程控制能够满足水产品副溶血性弧菌的鉴定能力验证项目。     

食品检测用肠道侵袭性大肠埃希氏菌标准物质的研制

目的 为满足肠道侵袭性大肠埃希氏菌(enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EIEC)准确检测的实验室质量控制和能力验证需求,研制具有我国自主知识产权、稳定性良好且具有清晰基因组信息背景的即用型EIEC标准物质。方法 利用二代高通量测序技术对EIEC(CMCC 44840)进行全基因组测序,明确CMCC 44840的种属、血清型、多位点序列分型(MLST)和毒力基因;采用冷冻干燥技术制备活菌含量为10³ CFU的EIEC冻干样品;参照CNAS-GL017-2018进行均匀性检验,并采用单因素方差分析对结果进行统计分析;将样品分别于-20 ℃、4 ℃、25 ℃和37 ℃条件下保藏,对其储藏稳定性和运输性进行评价;利用5种食品基质样本进行标准物质的使用效果验证,同时组织3家实验室进行协同标定。结果 CMCC 44840基因组大小为4.96 Mb,GC含量为50.7%,编码基因5 424个,种属鉴定结果为大肠埃希氏菌,(Escherichia coli)血清预测结果为O28ac:H7,MLST为ST311型,携带ipaH、virB、virF等毒力基因;制备的EIEC冻干样品均匀性检验结果F=1.79,符合标准物质均匀性要求;冻干样品在25 ℃和4 ℃下保藏7 d,-20 ℃和4 ℃下保藏60 d,菌含量均保持在10³CFU水平,在37 ℃下第3 d菌含量出现下降,低于10³CFU水平;添加EIEC冻干样品的20件不同食品基质样品经增菌后均检出EIEC;3家协同标定实验室测定EIEC冻干样品菌含量均为10³ CFU,且实验室间无显著性差异(F=0.59)。结论 本研究所制备的EIEC标准物质所用菌株具有清晰的基因组序列信息,均匀性和稳定性均符合要求,适用性良好,能够满足食品检测实验室的质量控制和能力验证的需求。     

食品检测用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌标准物质的研制

目的 研制均匀稳定的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌标准物质。方法 采用冷冻干燥技术制备含量为1.5-2.0×103 CFU /样品的菌球, 参照CNAS—GL29: 2010《标准物质/标准样品定值的一般原则和统计方法》, 随机抽取22件样品进行均匀性检验, 采用单因素方差分析对结果进行统计分析, 将样品分别于-20、4、25、37 ℃条件下保藏, 对其储藏稳定性和运输稳定性进行评价, 并组织3家实验室进行协同标定, 再使用45件食品作为基质, 按照国标法检验鼠伤寒沙门氏菌标准物质的适用性。结果 对22件标准物质的均匀性检测结果进行单因素方差分析, F=1.986, 符合标准物质的要求。标准物质在?20 ℃保藏28 d, 复苏率为103.1%; 在4 ℃保藏28 d, 复苏率为102.0%; 在25 ℃保藏14 d或者37℃保藏7 d, 样品中菌含量仍保持在103 CFU/样品的水平, 说明样品的短期储藏稳定性、长期储藏稳定性和运输稳定性都符合要求。经3家实验室协同标定, 样品活菌含量均在103 CFU/样品水平, 生化鉴定结果均符合沙门氏菌的特征; 标准物质加入到45种食品基质中, 均可以检出沙门氏菌。结论 本研究所制备的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌标准物质的均匀性、储藏稳定性和运输稳定性均符合要求, 适用性良好, 可用于食品检测实验室的质量控制和食品中沙门氏菌检测结果的评价。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.