基于混合高斯模型的三马尔可夫场红外图像分割

针对马尔可夫随机场在红外图像分割方面存在的问题,给出了一种基于混合高斯模型的三马尔可夫场红外图像分割算法.三马尔可夫场在马尔可夫随机场的基础上通过引入一个附加随机场和全体随机变量服从马尔可夫性假设,克服了马尔可夫场算法中对条件概率分布相互独立的要求,并赋予该附加随机场对目标和背景区域的标识作用,其中采用混合高斯模型作为三马尔可夫随机场的先验模型.仿真结果表明,文中提出的基于混合高斯模型的三马尔可夫场红外图像分割算法能够实现复杂背景的红外图像准确分割,得到较为理想的分割效果.     

基于快速EM算法的马尔可夫随机场模型运动目标自动分割

文章提出一种基于高斯马尔可夫随机场(GMRF)模型的运动目标自动分割算法。该算法采用高斯混合分布描述视频序列的差分图像，对标准Expectation—Maximization(EM)算法进行了改进，提出了快速EM算法。从不完整数据中估计出概率模型的参数。在此基础上建立马尔可夫随机场模型，构造系统能量函数。然后通过条件迭代模型(ICM)优化算法求解能量函数的最优解，得出标记场，提取出运动目标。实验结果证明，该算法对运动目标分割具有很好的分割效果。     

采用扩展MRF的红外目标自适应检测方法

针对天基红外监视系统中不同形状目标的联合检测问题,提出基于扩展马尔可夫随机场的自适应目标检测算法。首先分析了天基红外监视系统中的目标特性,在此基础上以典型目标形状为模板,构建了扩展的马尔可夫随机场邻域系统;其次构建了新的马尔可夫势函数,并利用红外图像中背景与目标之间的马尔可夫势差异,将复杂背景中不同形状目标联合检测问题转换为马尔可夫势差异的判别问题,有效解决了马尔可夫随机场理论框架下混合形状目标检测问题。仿真试验结果表明,所提出的算法能够根据目标形状的变化自适应地检测各类目标,并可在不同图像信杂比条件下进行目标检测处理,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

一种采用高斯隐马尔可夫随机场模型的遥感图像分类算法

该文研究了无监督遥感图像分类问题。文中构造了图像的隐马尔可夫随机场模型(HiddenMarkov Random Fleid,HMRF),并且提出了基于该模型的图像分类算法。该文采用有限高斯混合模型(Finite Gaussian Mixture,FGM)描述图像像素灰度的条件概率分布,使用EM(Expectation-Maximization)算法解决从不完整数据中估计概率模型参数问题。针对遥感图像分布的不均匀特性,该文提出的算法没有采用固定的马尔可夫随机场模型参数,而是在递归分类算法中分级地调整模型参数以适应区域的变化。实验结果表明了该文算法的有效性,分类算法处理精度高于C-Means聚类算法.。     

基于MRF的自适应正则化红外背景杂波抑制算法

针对复杂背景下红外弱小目标检测难题,将背景杂波抑制归结为从原始红外弱小目标图像中重建目标数据的过程,据此提出了一种基于马尔可夫随机场模型(MRF)的自适应正则化滤波算法.该算法采用MRF,建立了红外弱小目标图像的先验概率模型,并根据图像的粗糙度设计了新的势函数.在此基础上,采用MRF对背景杂波抑制过程进行正则化处理,从而实现了对红外背景杂波的自适应各向异性抑制.理论分析与实验结果表明,该算法能够随图像局部纹理特征的变化自适应地调整滤波算子结构,从而可在复杂背景下自适应地抑制杂波、增强信号,有效地提高了图像的信噪比,且该算法结构简单,更易于硬件实时实现.     

基于EM参数“软”估计的SAR图像分割

借助EM算法和模糊理论,提出了一种基于参数"软"估计和Markov随机场的SAR图像无监督分割方法。首先利用多维空间的EM算法估计随机场的模型参数,并根据随机场模型参数分别计算观测数据的条件概率和标记图像的先验概率,继而根据最大后验概率准则将图像分成具有相似统计特性的同质区域,重复以上步骤直至收敛。通过与传统的参数"硬"估计分割算法的实验比较,该算法能更好保持图像边缘细节,区域连通性更好。     

复杂地面背景的红外热像合成

提出了一种新的合成地面背景红外热像的方法，建立了基于马尔可夫随机场理论的图像分割模型，获取了地面背景的标记图像；综合考虑环境、气象等因素的影响，模拟计算不同植被地面红外辐射特性；通过将红外辐射特性计算结果的灰度值赋予相应的可见光图像分割区域，实现标记图像与红外辐射特性的合成，获取复杂地面背景的红外热像。     

基于MRF的进化规划算法应用于红外图像分割

在中近程反坦克导弹红外制导系统中，图像分割的结果更注重于目标的位置信息。本文利用马尔可夫随机场(MRF)的局部相关特性，同时结合进化规划的全局优化搜索算法，提出了一种针对简单背景的红外图像分割算法。该算法模拟生物圈种群的竞争进化关系，对可能的目标区域给予较高的适应度，并对其余无关的背景和噪声进行快速的抑制，以达到突出目标和快速分割的目的。试验证明，该算法对简单背景下的中等目标有很好的分割效果，对噪声也有良好的抑制效果。     

复杂背景下H.264压缩域运动目标检测算法

针对H.264/AVC压缩码流中的运动目标检测问题,提出了一种基于马尔可夫随机场的最大后验概率(MAP-MRF,maximum a posterior-Markov random field)框架下适合复杂背景的H.264压缩域运动目标检测算法。算法首先生成滤波后的4×4像素块均匀运动矢量(MV,motion vector)场,对MV的相位建立高斯混合模型(GMM,Gaussian mixture model),结合MV幅度、帧间宏块分割模式、MV相位背景模型和运动目标时空约束建立马尔可夫随机场(MRF,Markov random field)模型。通过求解该模型得到每个4×4像素块前景、背景标记检测出运动目标。实验结果表明,算法能从复杂场景的H.264码流中提取出运动目标,与传统算法相比,Precision和Recall指标平均分别提高了20%和3.5%。     

基于FGM-MRF模型的图像分割

利用Ward聚类将图像进行初始分割,其结果作为基于空间邻域信息马尔可夫随机场(MRF)模型对图像再次分割的初值,图像分割的先验概率采用Ising模型,通过有限高斯混合模型(FGM)描述图像像素灰度的条件概率分布,利用期望-最大(EM)算法估计条件概率分布模型参数,用迭代条件模式(ICM)局部优化方法,获得最大后验概率(MAP)准则下的图像分割结果.通过与其他相关算法分割结果相比较,这种算法能够明显改善分割效果.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.