不同干燥条件对啤酒麦芽品质的影响

以甘啤4号大麦为原料,采用凋萎温度和焙焦温度相结合的方法,设置3个温度梯度,进行9组完全组合试验,对水分、浸出物、库值、α-氨基酸态氮、麦汁黏度和糖化时间等一系列指标的测定,得出了各个指标在干燥过程中的变化规律,并依据中华人民共和国行业标准(QB 1686-93)啤酒麦芽综合评价评分表,对各样品进行综合评分,筛选出最佳的干燥工艺条件,确定了凋萎和焙焦的温度参数.     

不同干燥工艺条件下β-葡聚糖酶活性与麦牙品质关系的研究

以甘啤4号大麦为实验材料,对麦芽干燥工艺过程的凋萎初始温度和焙焦温度,进行二因素三水平全面试验,通过分析测定麦芽关键品质指标,对啤酒大麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽品质的关系进行了研究.结果表明:影响β-.葡聚糖酶活力的工艺参数主次顺序为:焙焦温度凋萎初始温度;凋萎初始温度48℃、焙焦温度78℃时大麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力最高.麦芽中β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽α-淀粉酶活力、蛋白酶活力、浸出物含量、α-AN和库尔巴哈值指标间存在极显著正相关关系,与麦汁黏度、糖化时间以及β-葡聚糖浓度间存在极显著负相关关系.     

麦芽干燥过程中酶活力变化动态研究

本实验研究大麦芽干燥过程中酶的变化情况及其特点。结果表明：淀粉酶在干燥前期酶的作用很活跃,在达到最大值后酶活就迅速下降,蛋白酶在干燥前期都持续增长然后有所降低,但二者降低程度不同。POD 性质相对其它氧化还原酶类来说,比较稳定,在凋萎后1/2 时间酶活性降低显著,焙焦阶段变化并不大,而PPO 对温度较为敏感,在凋萎阶段活性持续降低,加热至焙焦阶段活力破坏严重,干燥结束后酶活为绿麦芽的62%。β-葡聚糖酶耐热性较强,在干燥过程中酶活达到最大值后变化不大。     

小宗粮食加工(十二)--大麦制备麦芽

4 9　干燥干燥是把绿麦芽用热空气强制通风方法进行干燥和焙焦的过程 ,分为凋萎、烘干、焙焦和冷却 4个阶段。4 9 1　干燥的目的[3 ](1 )达到终止绿麦芽的生长和酶的分解作用 ,除去多余的水分 ,便于储存 ,易于粉碎。(2 )最大限度地保持麦芽中酶的活力 ,除去绿麦芽的生青味 ,将部分二甲基硫 (ＤＭＳ)的前体经过加热分解并挥发出去 ,以达到改善啤酒风味的目的。(3)麦芽经过焙焦可以产生特定的色、香、味 ,而且麦根较脆 ,易于除根。4 9 2　干燥工艺原理[3 ]淡色麦芽在干燥过程中一般会发生如下变化 :糖化力降低 ,α -氨基酸降低 ,色度上升…     

制麦工艺对SN1391小麦麦芽质量的影响

以小麦SN1391为试材,采用三因素三水平正交实验设计,研究浸麦度(40%～48%)、发芽温度(12～20℃)及焙焦温度(78～83℃)对麦芽质量的影响。通过对成品麦芽指标的分析,发现浸出物含量受制麦工艺参数影响不大;糖化力、糖化时间、α-AN含量、库尔巴哈值、麦芽β-葡聚糖含量、麦汁粘度受工艺参数影响较大;提高浸麦度与发芽温度,降低焙焦温度可以降低成品麦芽中β-葡聚糖的含量和麦汁粘度。以糖化力为主要指标时,对糖化力影响的主次因素顺序为:发芽温度>浸麦度>焙焦温度;得到最佳制麦工艺参数为:浸麦度47%～48%、发芽温度为18～20℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃。     

影响麦芽溶解度的关键制麦参数及参数优化

麦芽溶解度是衡量麦芽酿造性能的重要指标,针对影响该指标的关键制麦参数即浸麦度、发芽温度、凋萎温度、干燥温度,以进口大麦为原料,进行了单因素试验,并分别采用荧光染色法和冷场发射扫描电子显微镜观察麦芽胚乳溶解情况来确定麦芽溶解度。并在此基础上采用响应面设计优化制麦工艺。结果表明,各因素对麦芽溶解度影响程度的大小顺序为B(发芽温度)D(干燥温度)C(凋萎温度)A(浸麦度)。优化制麦工艺条件为:浸麦度为46%,发芽温度为16℃,凋萎温度为48℃,干燥温度为78℃。优化制麦工艺后,麦芽溶解度从81%提高到87%。     

焙焦温度对麦芽品质及酶活性影响

研究了不同焙焦温度对成品麦芽品质及酶活的影响.结果表明,随着焙焦温度的升高,麦芽的糖化力、α-AN、浸出物含量及水分含量都有所下降,且糖化力下降显著(α=0.041<0.05):色度、糖化时间、麦汁黏度随焙焦温度的升高而增加,淀粉酶活力都呈下降趋势,且β-淀粉酶活力下降极显著(α=0.0004<0.01);蛋白酶活力、β-葡聚糖酶活力、PPO活力都有所下降,且得出PPO的失活温度为82℃.     

制麦工艺对特种麦芽品质的影响

为探讨不同制麦工艺条件下特种麦芽品质变化,以特种麦芽色度、α-氨基氮含量及特征风味物质2,5-二甲基吡嗪和糠醛含量为指标,研究特种麦芽制麦过程中焙焦温度和焙焦时间以及麦芽原料对麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,随着焙焦温度的升高,所有处理下的特种麦芽的水分含量、α-氨基氮含量均显著下降(P0.05),在温度达到160℃时,水分质量分数已低于1%,且采用发芽3 d的麦芽制成的特种麦芽,α-氨基氮质量浓度下降最快,由228.157 mg/L降到118.427 mg/L;原麦芽β-葡聚糖含量最高,随着浸麦、发芽时间的延长,β-葡聚糖含量逐渐降低,同种麦芽焙焦温度的不同对β-葡聚糖含量影响较小;色度、还原力和硫代巴比妥酸值均随焙焦温度升高而显著增加(P0.05),发芽3 d的麦芽制得的特种麦芽色度增长最快,还原力最高,达1.303;硫代巴比妥酸值与啤酒的老化严重程度呈正比,因此在制麦过程中应合理控制麦芽的硫代巴比妥酸值;随着温度的升高,2,5-二甲基吡嗪含量先减少后增加,糠醛含量在80～120℃条件下无明显变化,120℃时开始显著增加,2,5-二甲基吡嗪和糠醛均主要在120～160℃条件下生成。     

焙焦温度对麦芽品质及啤酒风味的影响

研究了焙焦温度对麦芽品质及啤酒风味的影响。结果表明 ,随着焙焦温度的升高 ,麦芽的糖化力、二甲基硫前体 (SMM)的含量 ,发酵后期的二甲基硫 (DMS)、高级醇、酯含量下降 ,乙醛含量略微升高。这些结果能为啤酒生产厂家选择合理的焙焦温度提供指导     

麦芽焙焦强度的研究

一前言随着我国啤酒工业的巨大发展,麦芽在酿造优质啤酒过程中所起的作用已越来越被人们所重视。焙焦是制麦的最后一道工序,它对麦芽质量的优劣有很大影响。制造Lager Bee(浅色、瓶装、贮藏啤酒)的麦芽一般要求焙焦温度在80～83℃,2～3小时。而现在有的厂家为了提高α-氨基氮和糖化力、降低色度、节约能耗和成本,麦芽的焙焦温度一般只有76～78℃。焙焦温度不足,不仅出炉水份达不到要求,缺乏麦芽的香味,更主要的,麦芽在焙焦阶段的化学反应不剧烈,蛋白质变性不足,产生的可凝固性氮不够多,     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.