蜂窝车联网（C-V2X）及其赋能智能网联汽车发展的辩思与建议

首先简要回顾了我国企业主导的蜂窝车联网（cellular vehicle-to-everything,C-V2X）国际标准,该标准解决了车车间及车路间的低时延和高可靠通信难题,兼具技术和产业优势,在全球产业竞争中已形成领先优势。在澄清车联网的相关概念、5G与C-V2X、车联网与车路协同、车联网与无人驾驶、单车智能与网联智能等相互关系的同时,阐述了本文的观点。进而,为抓住全球汽车产业革命和我国交通产业变革的重大战略机遇期,提出了我国基于5G+C-V2X的“聪明的车+智慧的路+协同的云”的车路云协同创新发展模式,实现智能网联汽车从智能网联辅助驾驶到智能网联无人驾驶及与智能交通融为一体的发展路径。最后,分析了相关产业进展情况与存在的问题,并提出相应的政策建议。     

蜂窝车联网(C-V2X)技术发展、应用及展望

车联网作为产业变革创新的重要催化剂,正推动着交通管理模式、汽车产业形态、人们出行方式和能源消费结构的深刻变化。首先分析了智慧交通和智能驾驶等对车联网通信在通信速率、时延和可靠性等方面的需求与挑战,进而介绍了蜂窝车联网(cellular vehicle-to-everything,C-V2X)中LTE-V2X和NR-V2X的关键技术及其国际标准演进,并指出C-V2X在全球竞争中已形成超越态势。在此基础上,分析了应用C-V2X的车车协同和车路协同在智慧交通和智能驾驶中的应用优势。最后介绍了C-V2X在我国的示范应用情况和发展展望,指出中国发展智慧交通和智能网联汽车之路:将积极推进“5G+C-V2X”新型基础设施建设,探索基于车联网的“聪明的车、智慧的路、协同的云”发展模式,进而支撑我国达成“碳达峰”与“碳中和”战略目标。     

基于车路协同的车联网体系架构及关键技术分析

梳理车联网的发展,单车智能的不足映衬出车路协同的必然性。比较国内外车联网发展的两条技术路线:DSRC(专用短程通信)与C-V2X(蜂窝车联网),得出C-V2X更具有优势。剖析基于车路协同的C-V2X的"端边云用"四层架构,分析每层的构成及功能。归纳基于车路协同的车联网的关键技术,包括交通状况的全面感知、亚米级甚至厘米级的高精度定位、高精度地图的生成与更新、人车交互、交通信号优化等。     

基于C-V2X的车路协同自动驾驶关键技术与应用

随着车联网技术的演进,自动驾驶在单车智能的基础上,又有了新的发展形态——车路协同自动驾驶。通过“人-车-路-云”深度融合形成的一体化复杂信息物理系统（cyber physical system,CPS）,可以与自动驾驶车辆实现协同感知、协同决策规划甚至协同控制,提升自动驾驶安全性,帮助克服各类复杂交通环境。首先介绍了车路协同的复杂信息物理系统的概念内涵和总体架构,并提出了车路协同自动驾驶的一系列典型应用场景、技术原理、C-V2X(cellular vehicle-to-everything)性能要求、车路协同系统功能与性能要求,可以为下一阶段智能网联汽车与智能交通的深度融合发展提供参考和解决思路。     

蜂窝车联网产业与技术专题导读

<正>蜂窝车用无线通信(C-V2X)技术是一种以蜂窝网络为基础的车辆通信与信息服务技术。随着车辆智能化和移动通信的快速演进,C-V2X正从支持车载信息服务为主向支持自动驾驶和智慧交通应用发展,通过车-网、车-车、车-路、车-人通信实现车、路、人、云的全方位连接和有机结合,逐步建立起支持车辆协同和车路协同的协同感知、协同计算、协同决策和协同控制的智能信息服务能力。当前,C-V2X正从基于长期演进(LTE)-V2X向新空口(NR)-V2X演进。总体上,前者的技术、产品、测试逐渐成熟,后者的技术和标准正在攻关和验证中。     

一种基于5G技术的车路协同组网方案

进入5G时代,一系列依赖5G技术的产业获得新生,车联网、飞联网、物联网就是典型的例子.在车联网领域,车路协同一直都是汽车自动驾驶的前提,而网络的搭建,一直都是车路协同、车车协同、车人协同和车网协同的重点.依托于某大型自动驾驶智慧道路示范区项目,文章提出一种基于5G技术的车路协同组网方案,该方案给出了路测设备、车载设备等如何接入5G核心网,边缘计算MEC如何接入,并给出了V2X网络的具体应用场景.     

一种基于5G的车路协同自动驾驶技术架构

随着5G技术的成熟与应用落地,各类依赖与5G技术的产业也应运而生,车联网领域的车路协同自动驾驶,就是一个典型的例子。本文提出一种基于5G技术的车路协同自动驾驶技术架构。该架构结合5G通信技术优势,利用边缘计算、5G智能驾驶分级决策架构、五维时空融合感知、车路协同机制构建、测试验证应用原型等先进性技术,融合打造了一套集"5G网联+车路协同"于一体的智能网联智能驾驶技术,可推动相关技术标准规范成立。     

5G车路协同自动驾驶应用研究

本文提出了一种5G车路协同自动驾驶解决方案，该方案主要依托5G移动通信、高精度定位技术、五维时空融合技术、边缘计算、边云协同等技术，实现边缘平台算力部署，构建“端-边缘-云”分层架构，建立智能可靠车联网通信、车辆的实时高精度定位、交通态势感知、交通管控等技术体系，实现5G车路协同，全面提升车辆感知决策控制能力。当前，该方案已在武汉经开区智能网联汽车与智慧道路自动驾驶示范区应用落地。     

基于5G网络的V2X技术研究

进入5G时代,一些依赖于5G网络的新兴产业快速发展、迅速壮大起来。车联网就是一个典型的例子。基于5G网络的车辆网技术(简称为5G-V2X技术),其出发点是利用5G网络的新特性(低时延、高带宽、强可靠性),解决C-V2X中存在的问题,其实质是实现"聪明的车+智慧的路+强大的网"一体化。文章围绕5G-V2X技术,给出了5G-V2X交通体系和网络拓扑,并解读了V2X的内涵,在总结基于5G网联车联网技术的基础上,助力网联智能自动驾驶的更好发展。     

一种车路协同系统功能测试方法

进入5G时代,基于5G-V2X的通信,让网联智能汽车驾驶获得了突破性地发展,这对车路协同的发展既是机遇,又是挑战。一方面,各类基于车路协同的自动驾驶、智能驾驶的示范区应运而生,这些应用落地能很好地促进车路协同的发展;另一方面,政策未明确,标准未统一,各示范区的车路协同自立山头,为后期车路协同的融合,带来困难。文章提出一种车路协同应用平台的系统功能检测方法,旨在从源头剖析如何促进功能点的统一。     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Nanoimprint Lithography -A Next Generation High Volume Lithography Technique

IntroductionNanoimprint Lithography is a well-acknowl-edged low cost, high resolution, large area pattern-ing process. It includes the most promising methods,high-pressure hot embossing lithography (HEL) [2],UV-cured imprinting (UV-NIL) [3] and micro contactprinting (m-CP, MCP) [4]. Curing of the imprintedstructures is either done by subsequent UV-lightexposure in the case of UV-NIL or by cooling downbelow the glass transition temperature of the ther-moplastic material in case of HEL…     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

Influence of PVK ： NPB hole transporting layer on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices

A doping system consisting of NPB and PVK is employed as a composite hole transporting layer （CHTL）. By adjusting the component ratio of the doping system, a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB are constracted. The result shows that doping concentration of NPB enhances the competence of hole transporting ability, and modifies the recombination region of charge as well as affects the surface morphology of doped film. Optimum device with a maximum brightness of 7852 cd/m^2 and a power efficiency of 1.75 lm/W has been obtained by choosing a concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB at 1：3.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.     

Analysis of error performance on Turbo coded FDPIM

Due to variable symbol length of digital pulse interval modulation（DPIM）, it is difficult to analyze the error performances of Turbo coded DPIM. To solve this problem, a fixed-length digital pulse interval modulation（FDPIM） method is provided. The FDPIM modulation structure is introduced. The packet error rates of uncoded FDPIM are analyzed and compared with that of DPIM. Bit error rates of Turbo coded FDPIM are simulated based on three kinds of analytical models under weak turbulence channel. The results show that packet error rate of uncoded FDPIM is inferior to that of uncoded DPIM. However, FDPIM is easy to be implemented and easy to be combined, with Turbo code for soft-decision because of its fixed length. Besides, the introduction of Turbo code in this modulation can decrease the average power about 10 dBm, which means that it can improve the error performance of the system effectively.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.